Modeling cholera transmission dynamics and implications for public health interventions

Cholera remains a major global health challenge, requiring long-term control strategies that combine treatment, immunization, and sanitation measures. This study presents a comprehensive mathematical model to capture the transmission dynamics of this life-threatening waterborne disease. By incorporating the Mittag–Leffler kernel, the model accounts for non-Markovian behavior and long-term dependencies, offering a more precise representation of cholera spread. The model integrates key factors such as pathogen shedding rates, environmental contamination, and human immunity, alongside public health interventions like vaccination, treatment, and sanitation. Stability analysis identifies equilibrium states, highlighting the effectiveness of various control strategies. Global stability analysis confirms the robustness of these interventions across different epidemiological settings. Numerical simulations, informed by fractional-order derivatives, validate the model’s predictions. The findings emphasize the critical role of a holistic public health approach integrating vaccination, timely treatment, and improved sanitation infrastructure in achieving sustainable control of cholera outbreaks. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers developing strategies to reduce cholera’s impact in endemic regions.