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<p>The application of X-ray methods (using conventional sources or synchrotron radiation) for investigating degradation phenomena in paintings has significantly increased in the last two decades. This rise is due to their ability to provide spatially resolved elemental, molecular, and structural information from the macroscopic to the nanoscopic levels. This review will focus on the application of latest-generation X-ray techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to study the alteration processes of pigments in paintings. The first part outlines the fundamentals of XRF, XAS, and XRD techniques and then describes the corresponding instrumental set-ups used for non-invasive macro-scale mapping of paintings and synchrotron radiation-based X-ray analysis of paint micro-samples. Subsequent sections will cover advancements in X-ray data analysis software, workflow management systems, Open Science and FAIR data initiatives, alongside practical aspects of sample preparation and issues concerning X-ray-induced damage to paints. The final section will review degradation phenomena resulting from chemical changes of selected classes of pigments. This will involve describing key findings obtained from paintings, related micro-samples, and artificially aged paint mock-ups. The outcomes discussed in this review highlight their crucial role in developing effective monitoring and preventive conservation strategies for artworks highly susceptible to degradation within heritage sites and museums.</p>

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Advanced X-ray techniques to study the alteration of pigments in paintings

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月1日

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  • Letizia Monico,
  • Koen Janssens,
  • Marine Cotte,
  • Samuel M. Webb,
  • Frederik Vanmeert,
  • Victor Gonzalez,
  • Geert Van der Snickt,
  • Katrien Keune,
  • Brunetto Giovanni Brunetti,
  • Gerald Falkenberg,
  • Jan Garrevoet,
  • Annelies van Loon,
  • Marc Vermeulen,
  • Maite Maguregui,
  • Steven De Meyer,
  • Ermanno Avranovich Clerici,
  • Fréderique T. H. Broers,
  • Laura Cartechini,
  • Nouchka De Keyser,
  • Francesco d’Acapito,
  • Florian Meirer,
  • Aldo Romani,
  • Francesca Rosi,
  • Sara Carboni Marri,
  • Daniela Comelli,
  • Nina Deleu,
  • Ida Fazlic,
  • Marta Ghirardello,
  • Clément Holé,
  • Silvia Pérez-Diez,
  • Mathieu Thoury,
  • Costanza Miliani

摘要

The application of X-ray methods (using conventional sources or synchrotron radiation) for investigating degradation phenomena in paintings has significantly increased in the last two decades. This rise is due to their ability to provide spatially resolved elemental, molecular, and structural information from the macroscopic to the nanoscopic levels. This review will focus on the application of latest-generation X-ray techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to study the alteration processes of pigments in paintings. The first part outlines the fundamentals of XRF, XAS, and XRD techniques and then describes the corresponding instrumental set-ups used for non-invasive macro-scale mapping of paintings and synchrotron radiation-based X-ray analysis of paint micro-samples. Subsequent sections will cover advancements in X-ray data analysis software, workflow management systems, Open Science and FAIR data initiatives, alongside practical aspects of sample preparation and issues concerning X-ray-induced damage to paints. The final section will review degradation phenomena resulting from chemical changes of selected classes of pigments. This will involve describing key findings obtained from paintings, related micro-samples, and artificially aged paint mock-ups. The outcomes discussed in this review highlight their crucial role in developing effective monitoring and preventive conservation strategies for artworks highly susceptible to degradation within heritage sites and museums.