SiPMs and examples of applications for low light detection in particle and astroparticle physics

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as leading photon detectors in experimental physics since their introduction in the late 1990s. With performance characteristics superior to those of traditional photodetectors, SiPMs exhibit up to 60% photon detection efficiency, rapid signal rise times, and resistance to magnetic fields. Their solid-state construction enables mass production, compactness, and high spatial resolution, facilitating their integration into a wide range of experimental setups. Although susceptible to radiation damage, mitigation strategies are being studied to allow their reliable operation even in environments with elevated radiation levels. SiPMs excel in detecting low levels of light, making them well suited for applications involving scintillation and Cherenkov light. Their ability to operate effectively at cryogenic temperatures allows the construction of a new class of multi-tons rare event search experiments such as Darkside-20k. Insensitivity to the magnetic field and mitigation of the radiation damages are making SiPMs well-suited to be used in accelerator driven physics such as Cherenkov light detectors for Particle IDentification (PID) in the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC).