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<p>To address the seasonal energy imbalance resulting from the high penetration of renewable energy sources in power systems, this study leverages smart grid technologies to innovatively design a hybrid electric-hydrogen energy storage system. The system integrates battery storage, above-ground hydrogen tanks, and salt cavern hydrogen storage facilities, forming a comprehensive energy framework tailored for warehouse parks, which operates synergistically with the smart grid. Based on a two-stage optimization approach, the upper-level model focuses on capacity allocation with objectives of economic efficiency and environmental protection, while the lower-level model minimizes daily operational costs. The lower-level problem is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) problem using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT) conditions and the Big-M method, enabling iterative coordination between the two layers to determine the optimal capacity configuration. The results demonstrate that: 1)The adoption of salt cavern hydrogen storage significantly reduces total system costs across all scenarios, with the largest reduction of ¥153,200 in the environment-prioritized scenario. In the dual-objective scenario, annual carbon emissions are reduced by 20.35t. 2)By optimally sizing photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, salt cavern storage, and compressor systems, and coordinating with grid energy purchases, the system achieves effective economic-environmental synergy, validating the adaptability of multi-energy complementarity to the electric-hydrogen demands of warehouse parks. 3)Seasonal hydrogen storage in salt caverns reduces energy purchase requirements in autumn and winter, mitigating economic and safety risks associated with large-scale above-ground hydrogen storage. Overall, the study verifies the economic and environmental feasibility of salt cavern hydrogen storage for integrated energy systems in warehouse parks and offers practical guidance on equipment selection and capacity optimization to support synergistic planning for both economic and environmental objectives.</p>

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Optimization Study of Electric-Hydrogen Hybrid Energy Storage Capacity in Warehouse Park for Smart Grid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Yanyang Fu,
  • Jinbao Li,
  • Lichong Cui,
  • Huayu Chu,
  • Qi Wang,
  • Shuman Yang

摘要

To address the seasonal energy imbalance resulting from the high penetration of renewable energy sources in power systems, this study leverages smart grid technologies to innovatively design a hybrid electric-hydrogen energy storage system. The system integrates battery storage, above-ground hydrogen tanks, and salt cavern hydrogen storage facilities, forming a comprehensive energy framework tailored for warehouse parks, which operates synergistically with the smart grid. Based on a two-stage optimization approach, the upper-level model focuses on capacity allocation with objectives of economic efficiency and environmental protection, while the lower-level model minimizes daily operational costs. The lower-level problem is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) problem using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT) conditions and the Big-M method, enabling iterative coordination between the two layers to determine the optimal capacity configuration. The results demonstrate that: 1)The adoption of salt cavern hydrogen storage significantly reduces total system costs across all scenarios, with the largest reduction of ¥153,200 in the environment-prioritized scenario. In the dual-objective scenario, annual carbon emissions are reduced by 20.35t. 2)By optimally sizing photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, salt cavern storage, and compressor systems, and coordinating with grid energy purchases, the system achieves effective economic-environmental synergy, validating the adaptability of multi-energy complementarity to the electric-hydrogen demands of warehouse parks. 3)Seasonal hydrogen storage in salt caverns reduces energy purchase requirements in autumn and winter, mitigating economic and safety risks associated with large-scale above-ground hydrogen storage. Overall, the study verifies the economic and environmental feasibility of salt cavern hydrogen storage for integrated energy systems in warehouse parks and offers practical guidance on equipment selection and capacity optimization to support synergistic planning for both economic and environmental objectives.