Scholarlink

<p>The tribological performance and surface degradation behavior of medium carbon steels are strongly governed by microstructural evolution induced through heat treatment. In this study, the influence of annealing, normalizing, and oil quenching on the dry sliding wear behavior of AISI 1040 steel was systematically investigated under controlled tribological conditions. Pin on disc experiments were conducted in accordance with ASTM G99 using a hardened EN31 steel counter face, while varying applied load (20–60&#xa0;N), sliding speed (0.5–1.5&#xa0;m/s), and track diameter (0.04–0.08&#xa0;m). Microstructural characterization revealed coarse ferrite–pearlite structures in annealed specimens, refined pearlite in normalized specimens, and martensitic transformation in oil quenched specimens, leading to progressive enhancement in load bearing capacity and hardness. 197, 203 and 227 HV were the measured hardness values for the annealed, normalized and oil quenched specimens respectively. The tribological response demonstrated a significant reduction in mass loss with increasing microstructural refinement, with oil quenched samples exhibiting superior wear resistance. The maximum measured mass loss decreased from 87&#xa0;mg for annealed specimen, to 50&#xa0;mg for normalized specimen, and to 45&#xa0;mg for oil quenched specimen, showing a 48% reduction in mass loss. Surface degradation analysis using scanning electron microscopy indicated a transition in dominant wear mechanisms from severe abrasive–adhesive wear with delamination in annealed specimens to mild abrasive and oxidative wear in normalized specimens, and predominantly mild abrasive wear with limited plastic deformation in oil quenched specimens. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed that applied load is the dominant factor influencing material removal across all heat-treated conditions, contributing up to 69.3% for annealed, 70.7% for normalized and 78.6% for oil quenched condition. Regression based predictive models and response surface optimization were developed to quantify the relationship between process parameters and wear performance. The regression models achieved R-sq values ranging from 90 to 94%, while the optimized wear loss values of 24, 7, and 1.5&#xa0;mg closely agreed with the experimental values of 26, 7, and 1.9&#xa0;mg. The results establish a clear correlation between heat treatment induced microstructural transformations, tribological behavior, and surface degradation mechanisms, providing a predictive framework for optimizing wear resistant performance of medium carbon steels in engineering applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Tribological Response and Surface Degradation Mechanisms of Heat Treated AISI 1040 Steel Under Dry Sliding: An Experimental and Statistical Modeling Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

查看全文
  • Sharan Mudda,
  • Ananda Hegde,
  • Sathyashankara Sharma,
  • B. M. Gurumurthy,
  • M. C. Gowrishankar,
  • Manjunath Shettar,
  • Umanath R. Poojary

摘要

The tribological performance and surface degradation behavior of medium carbon steels are strongly governed by microstructural evolution induced through heat treatment. In this study, the influence of annealing, normalizing, and oil quenching on the dry sliding wear behavior of AISI 1040 steel was systematically investigated under controlled tribological conditions. Pin on disc experiments were conducted in accordance with ASTM G99 using a hardened EN31 steel counter face, while varying applied load (20–60 N), sliding speed (0.5–1.5 m/s), and track diameter (0.04–0.08 m). Microstructural characterization revealed coarse ferrite–pearlite structures in annealed specimens, refined pearlite in normalized specimens, and martensitic transformation in oil quenched specimens, leading to progressive enhancement in load bearing capacity and hardness. 197, 203 and 227 HV were the measured hardness values for the annealed, normalized and oil quenched specimens respectively. The tribological response demonstrated a significant reduction in mass loss with increasing microstructural refinement, with oil quenched samples exhibiting superior wear resistance. The maximum measured mass loss decreased from 87 mg for annealed specimen, to 50 mg for normalized specimen, and to 45 mg for oil quenched specimen, showing a 48% reduction in mass loss. Surface degradation analysis using scanning electron microscopy indicated a transition in dominant wear mechanisms from severe abrasive–adhesive wear with delamination in annealed specimens to mild abrasive and oxidative wear in normalized specimens, and predominantly mild abrasive wear with limited plastic deformation in oil quenched specimens. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed that applied load is the dominant factor influencing material removal across all heat-treated conditions, contributing up to 69.3% for annealed, 70.7% for normalized and 78.6% for oil quenched condition. Regression based predictive models and response surface optimization were developed to quantify the relationship between process parameters and wear performance. The regression models achieved R-sq values ranging from 90 to 94%, while the optimized wear loss values of 24, 7, and 1.5 mg closely agreed with the experimental values of 26, 7, and 1.9 mg. The results establish a clear correlation between heat treatment induced microstructural transformations, tribological behavior, and surface degradation mechanisms, providing a predictive framework for optimizing wear resistant performance of medium carbon steels in engineering applications.

Graphical Abstract