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<p>Corrosion remains a major challenge in biomedical implants, particularly for metallic systems such as 316&#xa0;L stainless steel (316&#xa0;L SS), where long-term exposure to physiological environments leads to ion release, localized degradation, and implant failure. Although biocompatible alloys have advanced considerably, their passive films remain vulnerable to chloride-rich bodily fluids, mechanical stress, and biochemical interactions. As a result, recent research has focused on developing corrosion-resistant surface engineering strategies to extend implant lifespan and improve clinical safety. This review summarizes developments from 2010 to 2025 in corrosion-mitigation strategies for 316&#xa0;L SS, covering passivation, electropolishing, sandblasting, plasma nitriding, protective coatings, and advanced smart/self-healing surface technologies. Literature was collected from major scientific databases using keywords related to 316&#xa0;L SS, corrosion behaviour, and surface modification, with only peer-reviewed studies on metallic biomedical implants included. By outlining current progress, challenges, and emerging concepts, this review aims to guide the development of 316&#xa0;L SS-based implants with improved durability, biocompatibility, and long-term performance.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Corrosion Mitigation Strategies for 316 L Stainless Steel in Biomedical Implants: Advances in Materials and Surface Modifications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Anushiya Manickam,
  • Gopi Srinivasan,
  • Jeevadharani Murugan,
  • Sivasakthi Sivakumar,
  • Surendiran Mohan

摘要

Corrosion remains a major challenge in biomedical implants, particularly for metallic systems such as 316 L stainless steel (316 L SS), where long-term exposure to physiological environments leads to ion release, localized degradation, and implant failure. Although biocompatible alloys have advanced considerably, their passive films remain vulnerable to chloride-rich bodily fluids, mechanical stress, and biochemical interactions. As a result, recent research has focused on developing corrosion-resistant surface engineering strategies to extend implant lifespan and improve clinical safety. This review summarizes developments from 2010 to 2025 in corrosion-mitigation strategies for 316 L SS, covering passivation, electropolishing, sandblasting, plasma nitriding, protective coatings, and advanced smart/self-healing surface technologies. Literature was collected from major scientific databases using keywords related to 316 L SS, corrosion behaviour, and surface modification, with only peer-reviewed studies on metallic biomedical implants included. By outlining current progress, challenges, and emerging concepts, this review aims to guide the development of 316 L SS-based implants with improved durability, biocompatibility, and long-term performance.

Graphical Abstract