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<p>Bacterial biofilms are emerging as sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional corrosion inhibitors. This study investigates, for the first time, the corrosion inhibition potential of <i>Klebsiella</i> sp. and <i>Enterobacter</i> sp. biofilms on mild steel in Luria Bertani (LB) broth. Comparative analyses were conducted to elucidate species-specific differences in biofilm formation and inhibitory mechanisms under varied environmental conditions. A multi-analytical approach—including cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX)—was employed to assess structural, electrochemical, and morphological changes induced by biofilms. On Day 7, <i>Klebsiella</i> sp. exhibited I<sub>corr</sub> = 0.042 µA/cm<sup>2</sup> (IE = 68.2%) and R<sub>ct</sub> ≈ 2989 Ω, while <i>Enterobacter</i> sp. showed I<sub>corr</sub> = 0.040 µA/cm<sup>2</sup> (IE = 69.6%) and R<sub>ct</sub> ≈ 3479 Ω; control I<sub>corr</sub> = 0.132 µA/cm<sup>2</sup>, R<sub>ct</sub>≈ 674 Ω. Day 14 analyses confirmed sustained inhibition (IE = 62–65%; R<sub>ct</sub> = 1296–2177 Ω). AFM and SEM revealed uniform biofilm coverage and reduced surface roughness (S<sub>a</sub> ≈ 213–257&#xa0;nm vs. 406&#xa0;nm in control), indicating robust surface protection. These results demonstrate that corrosion inhibition arises via multiple pathways, including physical shielding, EPS-mediated adhesion, electrochemical modulation, and surface morphology stabilization. <i>Klebsiella</i> sp. provided durable protection, while <i>Enterobacter</i> sp. offered moderate inhibition. This study establishes bacterial biofilms as effective, low-toxicity corrosion inhibitors and provides a foundation for eco-friendly industrial applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable Corrosion Mitigation of Mild Steel: Electrochemical and Surface Characterization of Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. Biofilms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月24日

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  • Maheshwaran Senthilnathan,
  • Neka Manickam,
  • Ananthappan Periyasamy,
  • Ramya Vaideki Ganesan,
  • Vasantha Vairathevar Sivasamy,
  • Ramyaa Lakshmi T. S.

摘要

Bacterial biofilms are emerging as sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional corrosion inhibitors. This study investigates, for the first time, the corrosion inhibition potential of Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. biofilms on mild steel in Luria Bertani (LB) broth. Comparative analyses were conducted to elucidate species-specific differences in biofilm formation and inhibitory mechanisms under varied environmental conditions. A multi-analytical approach—including cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX)—was employed to assess structural, electrochemical, and morphological changes induced by biofilms. On Day 7, Klebsiella sp. exhibited Icorr = 0.042 µA/cm2 (IE = 68.2%) and Rct ≈ 2989 Ω, while Enterobacter sp. showed Icorr = 0.040 µA/cm2 (IE = 69.6%) and Rct ≈ 3479 Ω; control Icorr = 0.132 µA/cm2, Rct≈ 674 Ω. Day 14 analyses confirmed sustained inhibition (IE = 62–65%; Rct = 1296–2177 Ω). AFM and SEM revealed uniform biofilm coverage and reduced surface roughness (Sa ≈ 213–257 nm vs. 406 nm in control), indicating robust surface protection. These results demonstrate that corrosion inhibition arises via multiple pathways, including physical shielding, EPS-mediated adhesion, electrochemical modulation, and surface morphology stabilization. Klebsiella sp. provided durable protection, while Enterobacter sp. offered moderate inhibition. This study establishes bacterial biofilms as effective, low-toxicity corrosion inhibitors and provides a foundation for eco-friendly industrial applications.

Graphical Abstract