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<p>Incidental bidirectional naming (Inc-BiN) results in children learning names as a listener and speaker in most natural settings. But can Inc-BiN accommodate learning 10,000 names that children, from language rich environments, demonstrate by age 5? In two experiments, we tested whether 17 toddlers (aged 21–38 months) who demonstrated Inc-BiN could learn names at rates commensurate with the 10,000-name benchmark by observation, compared with learning them under programmed reinforcement and correction operations. In Experiment 1, participants learned 1.85 names/minute by observation and 0.68 names/minute from instruction. In Experiment 2, we doubled the names presented in observation sessions, and participants learned 2.02 names/minute from observation and 0.75 names/minute from instruction. Across experiments and conditions, participants demonstrated 95%–100% accuracy for listener maintenance probes and 42%–100% for speaker maintenance probes with a mean of 82% (<i>SD</i> = 11%). Linear projections indicated that with 10 min of daily observation opportunities, these toddlers who demonstrated Inc-BiN could potentially learn 10,000 names after a mean of 1.7 years, compared to 4.4 years with programmed instruction. These findings support the claim that Inc-BiN is a verbal developmental stage tied to the language explosion demonstrated by toddlers.</p>

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The Mechanism for How Children Can Learn 10,000 Names by Age 5 by Observation Alone

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Cesira Farrell,
  • R. Douglas Greer,
  • Yifei Sun,
  • Stephanie Nelson

摘要

Incidental bidirectional naming (Inc-BiN) results in children learning names as a listener and speaker in most natural settings. But can Inc-BiN accommodate learning 10,000 names that children, from language rich environments, demonstrate by age 5? In two experiments, we tested whether 17 toddlers (aged 21–38 months) who demonstrated Inc-BiN could learn names at rates commensurate with the 10,000-name benchmark by observation, compared with learning them under programmed reinforcement and correction operations. In Experiment 1, participants learned 1.85 names/minute by observation and 0.68 names/minute from instruction. In Experiment 2, we doubled the names presented in observation sessions, and participants learned 2.02 names/minute from observation and 0.75 names/minute from instruction. Across experiments and conditions, participants demonstrated 95%–100% accuracy for listener maintenance probes and 42%–100% for speaker maintenance probes with a mean of 82% (SD = 11%). Linear projections indicated that with 10 min of daily observation opportunities, these toddlers who demonstrated Inc-BiN could potentially learn 10,000 names after a mean of 1.7 years, compared to 4.4 years with programmed instruction. These findings support the claim that Inc-BiN is a verbal developmental stage tied to the language explosion demonstrated by toddlers.