Purpose of Review <p>This review intends to comprehensively introduce random mutagenesis technology and summarize the up-to-date advances for utilizing it to enhance the pollutant removal abilities of bacteria, microalgae, and microalgae-bacteria consortia. In addition, this review also proposes future improvement strategies to further enhance the strengthening effect of random mutagenesis technology.</p> Recent Findings <p>Environmental pollution caused by wastewater, residual antibiotics, and other pollutants has caused severe disservice to the ecosystem and the development of human society. Pure bacterial systems, pure microalgal systems, and microalgae-bacteria consortia have been extensively applied to treat pollutants because of their excellent treatment effects, low cost, and other preponderances. Nevertheless, the pollutant removal abilities of bacteria and microalgae are limited by the individual species characteristics and adverse environmental factors. Fortunately, random mutagenesis technology can effectively solve the above problems. At present, random mutagenesis technology has been proven to significantly improve the removal efficiency of bacteria and microalgae for pollutants such as nutrients, petroleum hydrocarbons, and CO₂.</p> Summary <p>This review first systematically describes the overall research situation of random mutagenesis technology through the bibliometric tools and related literature. Then, the applications of random mutagenesis technology in enhancing the pollutant removal capacity of bacteria, microalgae, and microalgae-bacteria consortia are introduced, respectively. This review also innovatively summarizes the principles of enhancing the pollutant removal performance of microalgae and bacteria through random mutagenesis technology. The challenges this technology faces in the current research are analyzed in depth, and corresponding improvement methods are given.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>