Purpose of Review <p>Black-odorous water bodies (BOWBs) pose significant environmental challenges, characterized by excessive nutrients, heavy metals, and organic pollutants that degrade aquatic ecosystems. This review examines the impact of BOWBs on the physiological ecology of <i>Vallisneria natans</i>, a submersed macrophyte known for its phytoremediation potential, and its associated biofilm microbial community.</p> Recent Findings <p><i>Vallisneria natans</i> interacts symbiotically with biofilm communities, which facilitate nutrient cycling, pollutant degradation, and enhance overall plant health. However, pollutants like heavy metals, microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides disrupt this symbiotic relationship, leading to oxidative stress, impaired nutrient uptake, and reduced growth. These effects limit the effectiveness of <i>V. natans</i> in natural restoration processes, highlighting the need for targeted remediation strategies.</p> Summary <p>Understanding the complex interactions between <i>V. natans</i> and its biofilm community under the stress of BOWBs is essential for developing effective, eco-friendly restoration strategies. This review identifies key knowledge gaps and proposes future research directions to optimize restoration efforts in degraded aquatic systems.</p>