Upgrading Hydrochar from Biomass Waste Using Physical Methods for Wastewater Pollutant Remediation: A Review

Hydrochar derived from biomass is a promising sustainable adsorbent for pollutants, though its efficiency is often constrained by limited pore size and active sites. Physical activation can be effectively utilized to enhance physical structure and modify surface. This environmentally friendly process is well-suited for large-scale applications in pollution mitigation.

Gaseous and mechanical activation methods are emerging as highly effective strategies for enhancing hydrochar materials. Gaseous activation techniques can significantly enlarge surface area, develop porosity, modify surface chemistry, and control structural characteristics. In contrast, mechanical activation methods are adept at reducing particle size, increasing surface exposure, and diversifying functional groups.

This paper explores how different physical activation processes impact the functional properties of hydrochar. It delves into the mechanisms behind changes in physicochemical characteristics, offering new insights for developing advanced hydrochar materials to align with emerging technologies.