Cyanobacterial Blooms in Environmental Water: Causes and Solutions

The increasing frequency, magnitude, and duration of cyanobacterial blooms (CyBs) in coastal and inland waters globally are causing serious concern because of the infiltration of cyanotoxins into water reservoirs and their negative effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. This worrying trend is further exacerbated by the elevated levels of nutrient release in aquatic ecosystems, rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations, and increasing temperature associated with climate change, which have significantly exacerbated the issue of CyBs.

Recent advancements in targeting key cyanobacterial traits have resulted in the development and implementation of next-generation physical methods that combine biological and chemical methodologies to effectively control CyBs. This comprehensive strategy successfully reduces the impact of secondary pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, by controlling nutrient concentrations and the composition of phytoplankton communities, this tailored approach provides an avenue for addressing CyBs’ negative impacts on water quality.

Extensive researches were conducted recently on cyanobacterial succession in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems to investigate the factors influencing bloom formation and to establish mitigation strategies for controlling and preventing CyBs in water bodies. Despite these advancements, there remain substantial challenges in comprehensively understanding the complex interplay between hydrological patterns, biological diversity, and chemical compositions within aquatic environments. To ensure the long-term sustainability of water resources, it is essential to implement a comprehensive management plan that addresses all aspects of CyB prevention. The review will assess recent advancements in strategies for preventing, controlling, and mitigating CyBs and evaluate their effectiveness and importance in the field, while also providing recommendations for future research in CyB control to further enhance our understanding and management of CyBs.