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<p>Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) are emerging as sustainable and tunable alternatives to conventional organic solvents due to their low toxicity, environmental compatibility, and adjustable physicochemical properties. This study investigated the influence of hydrogen-bond donor type on the structure, surface properties, antibacterial activity, and extraction performance of menthol-based HDES, assessing their potential for environmental remediation. Five HDES were synthesized using levulinic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, oleic acid, and linalool as hydrogen-bond donors and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Quantum-chemical calculations predicted donor reactivity and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Surface properties, including interfacial tension, contact angles, drop volume, and surface energy components, were measured, and polarity was determined using a solvatochromic probe. Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida species. Extraction efficiency of methylene blue and diclofenac from aqueous solutions was evaluated to assess pollutant removal. The HDES exhibited low interfacial tension and dispersive-dominated surface energy, confirming their hydrophobic nature. Polarity was tunable according to hydrogen-bond donor type, with menthol–linalool HDES showing the strongest antibacterial activity. Extraction efficiencies ranged from 65 to 84% for methylene blue and 7 to 52% for diclofenac, highlighting the importance of donor selection, polarity, and viscosity. Greenness evaluation using BAGI and ComplexGAPI tools confirmed superior environmental performance of the synthesized HDES. Menthol-based HDES thus provide multifunctional properties, combining tunable polarity, bioactivity, and efficient pollutant extraction. They represent a promising class of environmentally friendly solvents for water purification, analytical applications, and sustainable chemical processes.</p>

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Menthol-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: Tunable Polarity, Interfacial Properties, Antimicrobial Activity, and Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Organic Pollutants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • Victoria Vorobyova,
  • Georgii Vasyliev,
  • Oleksiy Myronyuk,
  • Inna Trus,
  • Margarita Skiba

摘要

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) are emerging as sustainable and tunable alternatives to conventional organic solvents due to their low toxicity, environmental compatibility, and adjustable physicochemical properties. This study investigated the influence of hydrogen-bond donor type on the structure, surface properties, antibacterial activity, and extraction performance of menthol-based HDES, assessing their potential for environmental remediation. Five HDES were synthesized using levulinic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, oleic acid, and linalool as hydrogen-bond donors and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Quantum-chemical calculations predicted donor reactivity and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Surface properties, including interfacial tension, contact angles, drop volume, and surface energy components, were measured, and polarity was determined using a solvatochromic probe. Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida species. Extraction efficiency of methylene blue and diclofenac from aqueous solutions was evaluated to assess pollutant removal. The HDES exhibited low interfacial tension and dispersive-dominated surface energy, confirming their hydrophobic nature. Polarity was tunable according to hydrogen-bond donor type, with menthol–linalool HDES showing the strongest antibacterial activity. Extraction efficiencies ranged from 65 to 84% for methylene blue and 7 to 52% for diclofenac, highlighting the importance of donor selection, polarity, and viscosity. Greenness evaluation using BAGI and ComplexGAPI tools confirmed superior environmental performance of the synthesized HDES. Menthol-based HDES thus provide multifunctional properties, combining tunable polarity, bioactivity, and efficient pollutant extraction. They represent a promising class of environmentally friendly solvents for water purification, analytical applications, and sustainable chemical processes.