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<p>In recent years, the goals of wastewater treatment have been expanded beyond pollution reduction to include resource recovery in various forms. Quantifying resource recovery from treated wastewater (TWW) effluent and understanding the reuse potential of specific treatment technologies are critical for implementing long-term reuse plans. This study analyzed five widely used wastewater treatment technologies, namely sequencing batch reactor (SBR), activated sludge process (ASP), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), and oxidation pond (OP) using physicochemical analysis, nutrient ratios, and resource estimations. The objective was to quantify resource availability, evaluate nutrient variations, and assess resource utilization potential. Sixteen municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Gangetic basin were selected based on their treatment methods. The analysis of influent and effluent water quality parameters revealed that MBBR demonstrates the highest nutrient removal efficiency, followed by ASP, SBR, UASB, and OP. However, nutrient analysis indicated that OP has the highest reuse potential, while MBBR exhibits the lowest reuse potential. Currently, India reuses 1.55 × 10⁵ m³/year of its generated TWW, though the estimated reuse potential is 76.13 times higher. The study also suggests that utilizing the total TWW effluent for irrigation could significantly reduce India’s fertilizer imports: by 2.79% for nitrogenous fertilizers, 0.74% for phosphate fertilizers, and 6.70% for potassium fertilizers. This research highlights the importance of TWW reuse in enhancing resource recovery and supporting sustainable water management. Optimizing the use of TWW could substantially contribute to environmental sustainability and economic savings.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Wastewater Composition, Resource Assessment, and Reutilization Potential: A Comparative Analysis of Various Treatment Systems in India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月18日

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  • Ajit Kumar,
  • Basant Yadav

摘要

In recent years, the goals of wastewater treatment have been expanded beyond pollution reduction to include resource recovery in various forms. Quantifying resource recovery from treated wastewater (TWW) effluent and understanding the reuse potential of specific treatment technologies are critical for implementing long-term reuse plans. This study analyzed five widely used wastewater treatment technologies, namely sequencing batch reactor (SBR), activated sludge process (ASP), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), and oxidation pond (OP) using physicochemical analysis, nutrient ratios, and resource estimations. The objective was to quantify resource availability, evaluate nutrient variations, and assess resource utilization potential. Sixteen municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Gangetic basin were selected based on their treatment methods. The analysis of influent and effluent water quality parameters revealed that MBBR demonstrates the highest nutrient removal efficiency, followed by ASP, SBR, UASB, and OP. However, nutrient analysis indicated that OP has the highest reuse potential, while MBBR exhibits the lowest reuse potential. Currently, India reuses 1.55 × 10⁵ m³/year of its generated TWW, though the estimated reuse potential is 76.13 times higher. The study also suggests that utilizing the total TWW effluent for irrigation could significantly reduce India’s fertilizer imports: by 2.79% for nitrogenous fertilizers, 0.74% for phosphate fertilizers, and 6.70% for potassium fertilizers. This research highlights the importance of TWW reuse in enhancing resource recovery and supporting sustainable water management. Optimizing the use of TWW could substantially contribute to environmental sustainability and economic savings.

Graphical Abstract