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<p>Aromatic volatile organic compounds, such as toluene, present a major challenge to environmental protection owing to their persistent and hazardous characteristics. Although traditional methods have been examined, cost-effective solutions remain scarce. This study explored an innovative and economical method for removing toluene through photocatalytic degradation under dry phase conditions using visible LED light. Cu–doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysts were prepared using a straightforward chemical precipitation technique with different concentrations of Cu precursors, resulting in a series of samples: pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> (P25), 8 wt% Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub>, and 23 wt% Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub>. Among these photocatalysts, the 23 wt% Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub> sample demonstrated superior photocatalytic degradation activity for toluene compared to P25 and other Cu-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, achieving an average removal efficiency of 82.35%. In-situ DRIFTS measurements revealed stronger absorption peaks at 1373&#xa0;cm⁻¹ and 1494&#xa0;cm⁻¹ in the interaction between 23 wt% Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub> and toluene, indicating that benzyl alcohol and carboxylate species were the chief intermediates formed during degradation. Furthermore, the appearance of a peak at approximately 2363&#xa0;cm⁻¹ confirmed the formation of CO<sub>2</sub> as the final oxidation product as this indicates complete mineralization. The enhanced degradation performance of 23 wt% Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub> was attributed to the improved toluene adsorption capacity, light-harvesting efficiency, and electron–hole separation efficiency. This study presents a simple and cost-effective method for synthesizing Cu–doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysts for dry phase toluene photoremoval, mimicking the natural prevalence of volatile organic molecules.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Visible LED Light-Driven Dry Phase Photodegradation of Gaseous Toluene Using Cu–doped TiO2

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Plassidius J. Chengula,
  • Hazina Charles,
  • Ji Yeon Seo,
  • Caroline Sunyong Lee

摘要

Aromatic volatile organic compounds, such as toluene, present a major challenge to environmental protection owing to their persistent and hazardous characteristics. Although traditional methods have been examined, cost-effective solutions remain scarce. This study explored an innovative and economical method for removing toluene through photocatalytic degradation under dry phase conditions using visible LED light. Cu–doped TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared using a straightforward chemical precipitation technique with different concentrations of Cu precursors, resulting in a series of samples: pristine TiO2 (P25), 8 wt% Cu–TiO2, and 23 wt% Cu–TiO2. Among these photocatalysts, the 23 wt% Cu–TiO2 sample demonstrated superior photocatalytic degradation activity for toluene compared to P25 and other Cu-doped TiO2 samples, achieving an average removal efficiency of 82.35%. In-situ DRIFTS measurements revealed stronger absorption peaks at 1373 cm⁻¹ and 1494 cm⁻¹ in the interaction between 23 wt% Cu–TiO2 and toluene, indicating that benzyl alcohol and carboxylate species were the chief intermediates formed during degradation. Furthermore, the appearance of a peak at approximately 2363 cm⁻¹ confirmed the formation of CO2 as the final oxidation product as this indicates complete mineralization. The enhanced degradation performance of 23 wt% Cu–TiO2 was attributed to the improved toluene adsorption capacity, light-harvesting efficiency, and electron–hole separation efficiency. This study presents a simple and cost-effective method for synthesizing Cu–doped TiO2 photocatalysts for dry phase toluene photoremoval, mimicking the natural prevalence of volatile organic molecules.

Graphical Abstract