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<p>Electrochemical biosensors are well-suited for identifying breast cancer (BC) biomarkers because of their rapid detection and high sensitivity. The integration of nanomaterials synergistically enhances their analytical performance and detection capability. This review highlights recent advances in integrating nanomaterials with electrochemical sensing to develop ultrasensitive, rapid, and cost-effective biosensors for early BC diagnosis, with an emphasis on detection strategies, nanomaterial types, and key electrochemical techniques. Given their exceptional sensitivity and rapid response, electrochemical biosensors have become valuable platforms for detecting diverse BC biomarkers, including microRNAs, exosomal miRNAs, surface receptors (e.g., HER2), specific proteins, and genetic mutations (like BRCA variants). Electrochemical biosensors utilize a broad spectrum of nanomaterials, which are systematically categorized into two-dimensional carbon-based structures, three-dimensional nanostructures, functional materials, and polymers, which enhance their performance by improving electrical conductivity, active surface area, and biological compatibility. Core electrochemical techniques, such as Voltammetry (Cyclic Voltammetry, Differential Pulse Voltammetry, and Square Wave Voltammetry), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Amperometry, enable precise biomarker quantification. These methods monitor current or resistance changes induced by specific biomolecular interactions, such as nucleic acid hybridization and antigen–antibody binding.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Schematic overview of the key components involved in electrochemical biosensors for breast cancer detection. (1). <b>Breast cancer biomarkers</b> include microRNAs, exosomal miRNAs, protein receptors, and genetic mutations. (2). <b>Sample matrices</b> span a wide range of biological fluids and substances such as serum, PBS, blood, saliva, plasma, cell suspensions, and exosomes, used for the detection of target biomarkers. (3). <b>2D &amp; 3D nanomaterials</b> used for sensor development comprise carbon-based 2D structures (e.g., CNF, rGO, SPCE, LSG), metallic/metal oxide 3D nanostructures (e.g., Au NPs, ZnMn₂O₄ microspheres), and additional materials including conductive polymers (PANI, PPy), non-conductive polymers (PDMS, PEG), and natural matrices (chitosan, gelatin). (4). <b>Electrochemical detection techniques</b> include voltammetry (CV, DPV, SWV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and amperometry (CA, A), enabling sensitive and selective identification of breast cancer-related biomarkers.</p>

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Nanomaterial-Enhanced Electrochemical Biosensing of Breast Cancer Biomarkers: A Review of Innovations in Materials, Mechanisms, and Clinical Potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月16日

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  • Bairi Sri Harisha,
  • Bhargav Akkinepally,
  • L. Vijayalakshmi,
  • Jiseok Lim

摘要

Electrochemical biosensors are well-suited for identifying breast cancer (BC) biomarkers because of their rapid detection and high sensitivity. The integration of nanomaterials synergistically enhances their analytical performance and detection capability. This review highlights recent advances in integrating nanomaterials with electrochemical sensing to develop ultrasensitive, rapid, and cost-effective biosensors for early BC diagnosis, with an emphasis on detection strategies, nanomaterial types, and key electrochemical techniques. Given their exceptional sensitivity and rapid response, electrochemical biosensors have become valuable platforms for detecting diverse BC biomarkers, including microRNAs, exosomal miRNAs, surface receptors (e.g., HER2), specific proteins, and genetic mutations (like BRCA variants). Electrochemical biosensors utilize a broad spectrum of nanomaterials, which are systematically categorized into two-dimensional carbon-based structures, three-dimensional nanostructures, functional materials, and polymers, which enhance their performance by improving electrical conductivity, active surface area, and biological compatibility. Core electrochemical techniques, such as Voltammetry (Cyclic Voltammetry, Differential Pulse Voltammetry, and Square Wave Voltammetry), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Amperometry, enable precise biomarker quantification. These methods monitor current or resistance changes induced by specific biomolecular interactions, such as nucleic acid hybridization and antigen–antibody binding.

Graphical abstract

Schematic overview of the key components involved in electrochemical biosensors for breast cancer detection. (1). Breast cancer biomarkers include microRNAs, exosomal miRNAs, protein receptors, and genetic mutations. (2). Sample matrices span a wide range of biological fluids and substances such as serum, PBS, blood, saliva, plasma, cell suspensions, and exosomes, used for the detection of target biomarkers. (3). 2D & 3D nanomaterials used for sensor development comprise carbon-based 2D structures (e.g., CNF, rGO, SPCE, LSG), metallic/metal oxide 3D nanostructures (e.g., Au NPs, ZnMn₂O₄ microspheres), and additional materials including conductive polymers (PANI, PPy), non-conductive polymers (PDMS, PEG), and natural matrices (chitosan, gelatin). (4). Electrochemical detection techniques include voltammetry (CV, DPV, SWV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and amperometry (CA, A), enabling sensitive and selective identification of breast cancer-related biomarkers.