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<p>The commercialization of superlubric materials, i.e., those with ultralow (&lt; 0.01) friction coefficients, would enable energy conservation and sustainability enhancement. The related applications range from transportation to medicinal implants and renewable energy sources, hence complementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by improving the energy efficiency (SDG 7), sustainability (SDG 9), and climate footprint (SDG 13) of diverse processes. Herein, we systematically summarize the evolution, mechanisms, and applications of superlubricity. First, we provide a historical viewpoint, from theoretical predictions (including incommensurate crystal surfaces) to practical realization in layered materials and liquid-phase systems. Second, we evaluate the mechanisms of superlubricity, including those based on structural (lattice mismatch and moiré patterns), liquid (hydration layers and electrostatic repulsion), tribochemical (self-healing tribofilms), and macroscale (engineered coatings and adaptive lubricants) factors. Each mechanism is discussed with respect to material innovations, interfacial dynamics, and environmental dependencies. Third, we deal with load-bearing capability, environmental stability, scalability, and other notable issues and show how these relate to biomedical systems, transportation, and renewable energy, ending the discussion with an interdisciplinary viewpoint linking atomic-scale data to macroscale engineering. This review inspires a transition from laboratory superlubricity trials to sustainable industrial uses based on theoretical ideas, experimental advances, and practical constraints.</p>

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Superlubricity for Sustainable Technology: A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月21日

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  • Yuzhen Liu,
  • Kai Le,
  • Su-Min Bae,
  • Weizhi Song,
  • Youn-Hoo Hwang,
  • Shusheng Xu,
  • Dae-Eun Kim

摘要

The commercialization of superlubric materials, i.e., those with ultralow (< 0.01) friction coefficients, would enable energy conservation and sustainability enhancement. The related applications range from transportation to medicinal implants and renewable energy sources, hence complementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by improving the energy efficiency (SDG 7), sustainability (SDG 9), and climate footprint (SDG 13) of diverse processes. Herein, we systematically summarize the evolution, mechanisms, and applications of superlubricity. First, we provide a historical viewpoint, from theoretical predictions (including incommensurate crystal surfaces) to practical realization in layered materials and liquid-phase systems. Second, we evaluate the mechanisms of superlubricity, including those based on structural (lattice mismatch and moiré patterns), liquid (hydration layers and electrostatic repulsion), tribochemical (self-healing tribofilms), and macroscale (engineered coatings and adaptive lubricants) factors. Each mechanism is discussed with respect to material innovations, interfacial dynamics, and environmental dependencies. Third, we deal with load-bearing capability, environmental stability, scalability, and other notable issues and show how these relate to biomedical systems, transportation, and renewable energy, ending the discussion with an interdisciplinary viewpoint linking atomic-scale data to macroscale engineering. This review inspires a transition from laboratory superlubricity trials to sustainable industrial uses based on theoretical ideas, experimental advances, and practical constraints.