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Background <p>This study aimed at an initial validation of the Working Alliance Inventory for Education (WAI-EDU), an instrument to assess student–teacher relationship (STR).</p> Methods <p>The WAI-EDU was derived from the original Working Alliance Inventory to fit the context of higher education. Following a pre-test, the tool was applied to two different study settings. In the first study part, 81 clinical students completed the WAI-EDU at baseline, after 1&#xa0;h (t1), and after 1 w (t2), to assess reliability. For comparison, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was also used to evaluate STR. In the second study part, 60 preclinical students completed the WAI-EDU at baseline and at a follow-up after 1&#xa0;week of intensive education. Cronbach’s <i>α</i>, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> test were used for statistical analysis.</p> Results <p>Cronbach’s <i>α</i> of the WAI-EDU was higher than 0.9 at each time point in the cohort of 81 students. The test–retest-reliability was highest between baseline and t1 (<i>r</i> = 0.928). Even between baseline and t2, and between t1 and t2, values higher than <i>r</i> = 0.8 were determined. In addition, the WAI-EDU correlated with VAS scales for strength (<i>r</i> = 0.627, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and quality of STR (<i>r</i> = 0.596, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). After 1&#xa0;week of teaching in the second cohort (<i>n</i> = 60), a significantly higher WAI-EDU sum score was revealed (47.43 ± 7.46 vs. 40.73 ± 8.08, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). During 1&#xa0;week of education, similar to the WAI-EDU results, the VAS values for STR increased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01).</p> Conclusion <p>The WAI-EDU demonstrated robust reliability and validity in measuring STR. These findings suggest that the WAI-EDU is a promising tool for evaluating STR.</p>

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A New Approach to Measuring Student–Teacher Relationship in Dental Education: Validation of the Working Alliance Inventory for Education (WAI-EDU)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月5日

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  • Gerhard Schmalz,
  • Stefan Büchi,
  • Dirk Ziebolz,
  • Deborah Kreher,
  • Thomas Gerhard Wolf,
  • Daniela Ackermann-Piek

摘要

Background

This study aimed at an initial validation of the Working Alliance Inventory for Education (WAI-EDU), an instrument to assess student–teacher relationship (STR).

Methods

The WAI-EDU was derived from the original Working Alliance Inventory to fit the context of higher education. Following a pre-test, the tool was applied to two different study settings. In the first study part, 81 clinical students completed the WAI-EDU at baseline, after 1 h (t1), and after 1 w (t2), to assess reliability. For comparison, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was also used to evaluate STR. In the second study part, 60 preclinical students completed the WAI-EDU at baseline and at a follow-up after 1 week of intensive education. Cronbach’s α, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Mann–Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Cronbach’s α of the WAI-EDU was higher than 0.9 at each time point in the cohort of 81 students. The test–retest-reliability was highest between baseline and t1 (r = 0.928). Even between baseline and t2, and between t1 and t2, values higher than r = 0.8 were determined. In addition, the WAI-EDU correlated with VAS scales for strength (r = 0.627, p < 0.01) and quality of STR (r = 0.596, p < 0.01). After 1 week of teaching in the second cohort (n = 60), a significantly higher WAI-EDU sum score was revealed (47.43 ± 7.46 vs. 40.73 ± 8.08, p < 0.01). During 1 week of education, similar to the WAI-EDU results, the VAS values for STR increased significantly (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The WAI-EDU demonstrated robust reliability and validity in measuring STR. These findings suggest that the WAI-EDU is a promising tool for evaluating STR.