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<p>Graves’ orbitopathy (OB) tends to occur more frequently in Caucasian female patients as well as in smokers. Cigarette smoking is still the main modifiable risk factor for GO occurrence and progression. Besides the well-known risk factors (thyroid function, TRAb level, radioactive iodine treatment) over the past decades, has been found that hypercholesterolaemia, immunomodulating monoclonal antibody and gut microbiota may play a role in the pathogenesis of GO. This review covers both the “historical” and the emerging, more recently identified risk factors.</p>

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Fattori di rischio vecchi e nuovi dell’orbitopatia basedowiana

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月10日

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  • Dalì Ciampa,
  • Michele Marinò,
  • Francesca Menconi

摘要

Graves’ orbitopathy (OB) tends to occur more frequently in Caucasian female patients as well as in smokers. Cigarette smoking is still the main modifiable risk factor for GO occurrence and progression. Besides the well-known risk factors (thyroid function, TRAb level, radioactive iodine treatment) over the past decades, has been found that hypercholesterolaemia, immunomodulating monoclonal antibody and gut microbiota may play a role in the pathogenesis of GO. This review covers both the “historical” and the emerging, more recently identified risk factors.