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Background <p>Thyroid disorders are common endocrine diseases worldwide, with an increasing incidence in recent years. However, the relationship between long-term carbon monoxide (CO) exposure and various types of thyroid disorders remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between long-term CO exposure and the odds of thyroid disorders in a Chinese adult population.</p> Methods <p>Data from the Thyroid Disease, Iodine Nutrition, and Diabetes Epidemiology (TIDE) study were used, including 73,900 adult participants from 31 provinces in mainland China. Individual CO exposure levels were assessed using the Space Time Extra Trees model (1 × 1&#xa0;km high-resolution data). Thyroid disorders were defined according to standard criteria, incorporating serum antibody levels (for thyroid autoimmunity [TA], thyroglobulin antibody [TgAb], and thyroid peroxidase antibody [TPOAb]) and thyroid function tests (for overt and subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism). Multivariable generalized linear models were used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs).</p> Results <p>Higher levels of 5-year average CO exposure were associated with an increased prevalence of TA and TgAb positivity. Participants in the highest CO exposure quartile had 1.19 times the odds of TA and 1.33 times the odds of TgAb positivity compared to those in the lowest quartile. The exposure-response curve revealed a linear positive correlation between CO concentrations and the prevalence of TA and TgAb positivity, independent of iodine status and other confounders. No significant associations were observed for other thyroid disorders.</p> Conclusion <p>In this large cross-sectional study, long-term exposure to higher ambient CO levels was associated with increased odds of TA, particularly TgAb positivity, with evidence of a dose-response relationship. These findings suggest a potential link between ambient CO exposure and TA, though causality cannot be established due to the cross-sectional design. Further longitudinal research is needed to elucidate causal mechanisms and potential interactions with other environmental pollutants.</p>

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Association between long-term exposure to environmental carbon monoxide and the prevalence of thyroid disorders in China: a nationwide study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Wenmei Qiao,
  • Di Teng,
  • Siying Liu,
  • Cihang Lu,
  • Zhongyan Shan,
  • Weiping Teng,
  • Yongze Li

摘要

Background

Thyroid disorders are common endocrine diseases worldwide, with an increasing incidence in recent years. However, the relationship between long-term carbon monoxide (CO) exposure and various types of thyroid disorders remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between long-term CO exposure and the odds of thyroid disorders in a Chinese adult population.

Methods

Data from the Thyroid Disease, Iodine Nutrition, and Diabetes Epidemiology (TIDE) study were used, including 73,900 adult participants from 31 provinces in mainland China. Individual CO exposure levels were assessed using the Space Time Extra Trees model (1 × 1 km high-resolution data). Thyroid disorders were defined according to standard criteria, incorporating serum antibody levels (for thyroid autoimmunity [TA], thyroglobulin antibody [TgAb], and thyroid peroxidase antibody [TPOAb]) and thyroid function tests (for overt and subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism). Multivariable generalized linear models were used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs).

Results

Higher levels of 5-year average CO exposure were associated with an increased prevalence of TA and TgAb positivity. Participants in the highest CO exposure quartile had 1.19 times the odds of TA and 1.33 times the odds of TgAb positivity compared to those in the lowest quartile. The exposure-response curve revealed a linear positive correlation between CO concentrations and the prevalence of TA and TgAb positivity, independent of iodine status and other confounders. No significant associations were observed for other thyroid disorders.

Conclusion

In this large cross-sectional study, long-term exposure to higher ambient CO levels was associated with increased odds of TA, particularly TgAb positivity, with evidence of a dose-response relationship. These findings suggest a potential link between ambient CO exposure and TA, though causality cannot be established due to the cross-sectional design. Further longitudinal research is needed to elucidate causal mechanisms and potential interactions with other environmental pollutants.