Purpose <p>Drinking-water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been documented to disrupt glucose homeostasis in toxicological studies, but epidemiological evidence remains scarce. We aimed to investigate drinking-water DBP exposures in association with fasting plasma glucose (FPG).</p> Methods <p>We included 1,406 women participating in the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) cohort. Urinary dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), as biomarkers of drinking-water DBPs, along with FPG, were measured. Hyperglycemia was identified as FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were fitted to quantify the associations of DBP exposures with FPG and hyperglycemia risk.</p> Results <p>Elevated quartiles of urinary DCAA showed an association with increased hyperglycemia risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97, 2.61 for the fourth vs. first quartile], particularly among younger women (OR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.47, 7.05). In BMI-stratified analyses, urinary DCAA and TCAA in relation to higher FPG level (DCAA: 1.05%, 95% CI: 0.10%, 2.00%; TCAA: 0.99%, 95% CI: 0.11%, 1.88%) and hyperglycemia risk (DCAA: OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.17; TCAA: OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.27) were observed among women with BMI &lt; 24&#xa0;kg/m², but not among women with BMI ≥ 24&#xa0;kg/m².</p> Conclusions <p>Our results provide new evidence that DBP exposures may contribute to hyperglycemia.</p>