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<p>Direct consequences of exposure to racism on emotional distress are well documented, but much less is known about how racism experienced by Black caregivers may influence young children’s developmental outcomes. This study examined both the direct and indirect effects of Black caregivers’ experiences of racial discrimination and race-related concerns about their children on children’s behavioral outcomes during early childhood (ages 0–5). Using data from 300 Black caregivers participating in the Rapid Assessment of Pandemic Impact on Development (RAPID) project, we conducted mediation analyses to test whether caregivers’ emotional distress mediated these associations. We found that caregivers’ own experiences of racial discrimination were positively associated with their levels of depressive symptoms, while caregivers’ race-related concerns about their children were associated with higher anxiety, stress, and loneliness. Significant indirect effects were observed between both caregivers’ discrimination experiences and race-related concerns and children’s behavioral outcomes, by way of caregiver emotional distress. Additionally, caregivers’ race-related concerns were directly associated with elevated externalizing behaviors in their children. Few studies have explored how Black caregivers’ race-related concerns about their children may contribute to their own emotional distress and influence children’s early behavioral outcomes. These findings suggest the intergenerational reach of racial discrimination and underscore the importance of disrupting the link between caregiver distress and children’s behavioral outcomes.</p>

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Beyond Direct Exposure: The Vicarious Nature of Racism on Children’s Development

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Nneka Ibekwe-Okafor,
  • Jacqueline Sims,
  • Sihong Liu,
  • Kaeleigh Hernandez,
  • Stephanie M. Curenton,
  • Ilana Yoon,
  • Phillip A. Fisher

摘要

Direct consequences of exposure to racism on emotional distress are well documented, but much less is known about how racism experienced by Black caregivers may influence young children’s developmental outcomes. This study examined both the direct and indirect effects of Black caregivers’ experiences of racial discrimination and race-related concerns about their children on children’s behavioral outcomes during early childhood (ages 0–5). Using data from 300 Black caregivers participating in the Rapid Assessment of Pandemic Impact on Development (RAPID) project, we conducted mediation analyses to test whether caregivers’ emotional distress mediated these associations. We found that caregivers’ own experiences of racial discrimination were positively associated with their levels of depressive symptoms, while caregivers’ race-related concerns about their children were associated with higher anxiety, stress, and loneliness. Significant indirect effects were observed between both caregivers’ discrimination experiences and race-related concerns and children’s behavioral outcomes, by way of caregiver emotional distress. Additionally, caregivers’ race-related concerns were directly associated with elevated externalizing behaviors in their children. Few studies have explored how Black caregivers’ race-related concerns about their children may contribute to their own emotional distress and influence children’s early behavioral outcomes. These findings suggest the intergenerational reach of racial discrimination and underscore the importance of disrupting the link between caregiver distress and children’s behavioral outcomes.