Background <p>Social cohesion is a critical factor in the well-being of populations, particularly for marginalized groups such as the Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India. This study examines the patterns of social cohesion and their variation with caste identity among older adults in India, addressing a significant gap in the literature on societal well-being and individual quality of life.</p> Methods <p>Data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave 1 (2017–18) were analyzed, focusing on adults aged 45&#xa0;years and above (<i>n</i> = 45,379). Social cohesion was measured using the Item Response Theory (IRT) Partial Credit Model (PCM) based on responses to questions on various domains of social cohesion. Socioeconomic and Demographic (SED) characteristics were examined as potential determinants. The aggregate mean social cohesion score (MSCS) by SED characteristics were examined, and their significance was checked using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was employed to examine the association between social cohesion and SED factors.</p> Results <p>SC older adults exhibited significantly lower MSCS (50.86) than their non-SC counterparts (51.32). Female older adults reported significantly lower MSCS (49.83) than males (51.49), reflecting a clear gender disparity. OLS regression further confirmed the disparity in social cohesion with reference to the caste status of older adults, with age, education, wealth, and employment status also showing significant associations with cohesion.</p> Conclusion <p>The findings of this study suggest a significant disparity in social cohesion between the SC and non-SC older adults. It underscores the need for targeted interventions that address the structural and social barriers faced by marginalised groups. Promoting social inclusion and addressing the unique challenges faced by older adults is essential for improving their well-being and overall quality of life.</p>