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<p>Prey–predator systems have seen a rise in use recently, leading to the development of systems that more properly depict the various biological problems that arise in the framework of interacting species. In general, hunting cooperation and the odor of the predator are key factors in maintaining the integrity of the environment. A new prey–predator model is developed and examined by integrating the predator's odor and hunting collaboration into the conventional prey–predator system, where the prey is influenced by the predator's odor and hunting cooperation. In this study, we seek to comprehend these biological elements' function in the system dynamics. The solutions of the system have been confirmed to be bounded and positive. The requirements for the viable fixed points of the suggested system's local and global stability were consequently determined. The system's persistence criteria were established. Furthermore, the conditions under which bifurcations, among them the Hopf bifurcation, arise at specific fixed points are outlined. The dynamics of the system are&#xa0;destabilized by the extent of hunting cooperation and stabilized by the odor rate of the predator, respectively.</p>

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The impact of predator odor and hunting cooperation on the dynamic of the prey–predator system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Raid Kamel Naji

摘要

Prey–predator systems have seen a rise in use recently, leading to the development of systems that more properly depict the various biological problems that arise in the framework of interacting species. In general, hunting cooperation and the odor of the predator are key factors in maintaining the integrity of the environment. A new prey–predator model is developed and examined by integrating the predator's odor and hunting collaboration into the conventional prey–predator system, where the prey is influenced by the predator's odor and hunting cooperation. In this study, we seek to comprehend these biological elements' function in the system dynamics. The solutions of the system have been confirmed to be bounded and positive. The requirements for the viable fixed points of the suggested system's local and global stability were consequently determined. The system's persistence criteria were established. Furthermore, the conditions under which bifurcations, among them the Hopf bifurcation, arise at specific fixed points are outlined. The dynamics of the system are destabilized by the extent of hunting cooperation and stabilized by the odor rate of the predator, respectively.