<p>Let <i>M</i> be a three-dimensional Lorentz manifold and let <i>Z</i> be a non-parallel, closed conformal spacelike vector field. A timelike surface <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <i>M</i> is said to have a canonical null direction with respect to <i>Z</i> if the projection <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z^{\top }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>⊤</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on the tangent space of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> gives a lightlike vector field. We prove that these surfaces are not minimal. We also find that they are ruled, whose rulings are lines of curvature and lightlike geodesics in <i>M</i>. When <i>M</i> is the Minkowski space <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}_1^3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <i>Z</i> is a radial vector field, we proved that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a quasi-umbilic surface and it is not flat. Subsequently, we found a condition for quasi-umbilic surfaces to be surfaces with canonical null direction. We explored the case where <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> lies in De Sitter space. Here, we found that <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is neither of constant mean curvature nor flat. Later, we analyzed the case where <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is in a warped product <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(I\times _{\rho }N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mo>×</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> </msub> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We can assume that the surface <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the graph of a function <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f:N \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Then, it has a canonical null direction with respect to <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\rho \partial _t\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if and only if the gradient of <i>f</i> is a lightlike vector field on <i>N</i>. Another property is that the Gaussian curvature <i>K</i> of <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and the Gaussian curvature <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K_N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mi>N</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <i>N</i> satisfy that <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K=\frac{1}{\rho ^2}K_N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>ρ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mfrac> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mi>N</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Finally, we analyzed when <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40590_2025_760_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the inverse image of a function.</p>

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Timelike surfaces in a Lorentz manifold with a canonical null direction

  • Gabriel Ruiz-Hernández,
  • Fernando Valdez-Ortega

摘要

Let M be a three-dimensional Lorentz manifold and let Z be a non-parallel, closed conformal spacelike vector field. A timelike surface \(\Sigma \) Σ in M is said to have a canonical null direction with respect to Z if the projection \(Z^{\top }\) Z on the tangent space of \(\Sigma \) Σ gives a lightlike vector field. We prove that these surfaces are not minimal. We also find that they are ruled, whose rulings are lines of curvature and lightlike geodesics in M. When M is the Minkowski space \(\mathbb {R}_1^3\) R 1 3 and Z is a radial vector field, we proved that \(\Sigma \) Σ is a quasi-umbilic surface and it is not flat. Subsequently, we found a condition for quasi-umbilic surfaces to be surfaces with canonical null direction. We explored the case where \(\Sigma \) Σ lies in De Sitter space. Here, we found that \(\Sigma \) Σ is neither of constant mean curvature nor flat. Later, we analyzed the case where \(\Sigma \) Σ is in a warped product \(I\times _{\rho }N\) I × ρ N . We can assume that the surface \(\Sigma \) Σ is the graph of a function \(f:N \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) f : N R . Then, it has a canonical null direction with respect to \(\rho \partial _t\) ρ t if and only if the gradient of f is a lightlike vector field on N. Another property is that the Gaussian curvature K of \(\Sigma \) Σ and the Gaussian curvature \(K_N\) K N of N satisfy that \(K=\frac{1}{\rho ^2}K_N\) K = 1 ρ 2 K N . Finally, we analyzed when \(\Sigma \) Σ is the inverse image of a function.