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Purpose of review <p><i>Naegleria fowleri</i>, the “brain-eating amoebae,” causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fulminant and usually fatal infection of the central nervous system. Despite decades of research, mortality exceeds 95 percent, largely due to delayed diagnosis, rapid disease progression, and a narrow therapeutic window. Advances in molecular parasitology, neuroimmunology, and computational modelling now support precision-based approaches. Integrating clinical, molecular, imaging, and pharmacological data within a patient-specific digital twin could enable early prediction of disease trajectory and therapeutic response.</p> Recent findings <p>Recent studies have revealed virulence factors, immune-evasion strategies, and host inflammatory pathways driving central nervous system injury. Omics-based profiling, drug repurposing, and in-silico pharmacology are identifying candidate therapeutics and data streams suitable for digital-twin integration.</p> Summary <p>Herein, we synthesise current understanding of <i>Naegleria fowleri</i> biology, host responses, and emerging therapies, proposing a digital-twin framework to personalise disease management and transform diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment optimisation.</p>

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Digital Twins for a Rapidly Fatal Amoebic Infection: Modelling Host-Pathogen Dynamics in Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Due to Naegleria fowleri

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui,
  • Sutherland K. Maciver,
  • Naveed Ahmed Khan

摘要

Purpose of review

Naegleria fowleri, the “brain-eating amoebae,” causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fulminant and usually fatal infection of the central nervous system. Despite decades of research, mortality exceeds 95 percent, largely due to delayed diagnosis, rapid disease progression, and a narrow therapeutic window. Advances in molecular parasitology, neuroimmunology, and computational modelling now support precision-based approaches. Integrating clinical, molecular, imaging, and pharmacological data within a patient-specific digital twin could enable early prediction of disease trajectory and therapeutic response.

Recent findings

Recent studies have revealed virulence factors, immune-evasion strategies, and host inflammatory pathways driving central nervous system injury. Omics-based profiling, drug repurposing, and in-silico pharmacology are identifying candidate therapeutics and data streams suitable for digital-twin integration.

Summary

Herein, we synthesise current understanding of Naegleria fowleri biology, host responses, and emerging therapies, proposing a digital-twin framework to personalise disease management and transform diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment optimisation.