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<p>The socioeconomic development of India’s hilly states is significantly constrained by geohazards, particularly rainfall-induced landslides. These are often exacerbated by internal erosion of soil, which gradually undermines slope stability. However, modelling the coupled processes of seepage, fines migration, and mechanical failure remains challenging in natural settings. This study employs a five-phase smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework to simulate internal erosion and slope failure at the Lanta Khola landslide in Sikkim, India, marking one of the first real-world applications of this approach. The model captures progressive destabilisation due to fine particle migration from the saturated zone, leading to increased porosity, reduced shear strength, and eventual collapse. Simulations closely reproduce field observations, including the crown location at 1650&#xa0;m and the downslope deposition of gneissic blocks and fine sediments. The failure mass exhibits a peak height of 14.78&#xa0;m and a maximum velocity of 9.86&#xa0;m/s, with material accumulating along natural benches and the National State Highway. These findings underscore the critical influence of internal erosion on both failure initiation and runout behaviour. The study demonstrates the promise of SPH-based models for landslide hazard assessment in high-risk, data-scarce regions. Future work will focus on parameter sensitivity, 3D effects, and broader model validation.</p>

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Modelling rainfall-induced seepage, internal erosion, and slope instability via a deterministic multi-phase SPH framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Avinash Sajwan,
  • Sourabh Mhaski,
  • G. V. Ramana

摘要

The socioeconomic development of India’s hilly states is significantly constrained by geohazards, particularly rainfall-induced landslides. These are often exacerbated by internal erosion of soil, which gradually undermines slope stability. However, modelling the coupled processes of seepage, fines migration, and mechanical failure remains challenging in natural settings. This study employs a five-phase smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework to simulate internal erosion and slope failure at the Lanta Khola landslide in Sikkim, India, marking one of the first real-world applications of this approach. The model captures progressive destabilisation due to fine particle migration from the saturated zone, leading to increased porosity, reduced shear strength, and eventual collapse. Simulations closely reproduce field observations, including the crown location at 1650 m and the downslope deposition of gneissic blocks and fine sediments. The failure mass exhibits a peak height of 14.78 m and a maximum velocity of 9.86 m/s, with material accumulating along natural benches and the National State Highway. These findings underscore the critical influence of internal erosion on both failure initiation and runout behaviour. The study demonstrates the promise of SPH-based models for landslide hazard assessment in high-risk, data-scarce regions. Future work will focus on parameter sensitivity, 3D effects, and broader model validation.