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<p>Hydraulic asphalt concrete (HAC) exhibits obvious dilatancy under shear loading, which causes internal damage and localized concentration of micro-cracks, thereby inducing hydraulic fracturing in the core wall. Triaxial compression tests were conducted on HAC laboratory samples under different confining pressures (300, 600, 900, 1200&#xa0;kPa). The 3D particle flow code (PFC<sup>3D</sup>) was used to analyze the microscopic mechanical properties of particles inside the specimen during the shear process, exploring the mesoscopic mechanism of progressive failure of HAC. The results show that the failure process of HAC under axial loading exhibits obvious progressive characteristics, accompanied by the generation and expansion of localized shear bands, ultimately leading to failure. The stress–strain relationship of HAC is the external macroscopic manifestation of the normal contact forces between internal particles. External loads mainly affect the mechanical properties of HAC by changing the distribution of normal contacts. This research result can provide reference for future in-depth exploration of the damage and failure mechanism of HAC.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Experimental and numerical investigation of triaxial shear behaviors of HAC using flexible membrane boundary

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Hao Li,
  • Jianxin He,
  • Wu Yang,
  • Liang Liu

摘要

Hydraulic asphalt concrete (HAC) exhibits obvious dilatancy under shear loading, which causes internal damage and localized concentration of micro-cracks, thereby inducing hydraulic fracturing in the core wall. Triaxial compression tests were conducted on HAC laboratory samples under different confining pressures (300, 600, 900, 1200 kPa). The 3D particle flow code (PFC3D) was used to analyze the microscopic mechanical properties of particles inside the specimen during the shear process, exploring the mesoscopic mechanism of progressive failure of HAC. The results show that the failure process of HAC under axial loading exhibits obvious progressive characteristics, accompanied by the generation and expansion of localized shear bands, ultimately leading to failure. The stress–strain relationship of HAC is the external macroscopic manifestation of the normal contact forces between internal particles. External loads mainly affect the mechanical properties of HAC by changing the distribution of normal contacts. This research result can provide reference for future in-depth exploration of the damage and failure mechanism of HAC.

Graphical abstract