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<p>Reservoir-induced slope failures during dam impoundment present critical geotechnical risks, but existing models struggle to capture the coupled hydro-mechanical and particle scale interactions driving instability. This study proposes MECHFLUX, a novel coupled FDM-DEM framework integrating continuum hydromechanics with discrete granular kinematics to evaluate stability of partially submerged slopes. The bidirectional coupling mechanism employs non-overlapping interfaces with corresponding force and displacement exchange, enabling real-time interaction between FDM-DEM domain. Hydrological drivers, including reservoir-induced pore pressure rise, are modelled using Bishop’s effective stress theory, while granular displacements and shear banding are resolved through DEM. The model is validated against laboratory tests and employed to evaluate stability of a reservoir case study. Results shows that rising water levels (WL) trigger pore pressure accumulation, reducing effective stress and mobilizing shear strains in critical layers. DEM simulations reveal particle displacements under submerged conditions, correlating with shear band formation and continuum stress redistribution. Safety factor (SF) analysis shows destabilization, transitioning from steady to failure thresholds under hydraulic loading. The results further highlight two-phase failure mechanisms: pore pressure weakens the slope matrix (phase I); and particle scale rearrangements propagate shear localization (phase II). By coupling continuum–granular interaction, MECHFLUX advances the simulation of reservoir-induced landslides, offering insights into hydro-mechanical feedback and failure progression. The framework’s ability to resolve multi-scale interactions positions it as a predictive tool for slope stability assessment and risk mitigation along reservoir-induced landslides.</p>

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MECHFLUX: a novel coupled approach to simulate hydro-mechanical and kinematic effects of a partially submerged slope

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Hilal Ahmad,
  • Zhang Yinghua,
  • Mehtab Alam,
  • Majid Khan,
  • Zakirullah Zaki

摘要

Reservoir-induced slope failures during dam impoundment present critical geotechnical risks, but existing models struggle to capture the coupled hydro-mechanical and particle scale interactions driving instability. This study proposes MECHFLUX, a novel coupled FDM-DEM framework integrating continuum hydromechanics with discrete granular kinematics to evaluate stability of partially submerged slopes. The bidirectional coupling mechanism employs non-overlapping interfaces with corresponding force and displacement exchange, enabling real-time interaction between FDM-DEM domain. Hydrological drivers, including reservoir-induced pore pressure rise, are modelled using Bishop’s effective stress theory, while granular displacements and shear banding are resolved through DEM. The model is validated against laboratory tests and employed to evaluate stability of a reservoir case study. Results shows that rising water levels (WL) trigger pore pressure accumulation, reducing effective stress and mobilizing shear strains in critical layers. DEM simulations reveal particle displacements under submerged conditions, correlating with shear band formation and continuum stress redistribution. Safety factor (SF) analysis shows destabilization, transitioning from steady to failure thresholds under hydraulic loading. The results further highlight two-phase failure mechanisms: pore pressure weakens the slope matrix (phase I); and particle scale rearrangements propagate shear localization (phase II). By coupling continuum–granular interaction, MECHFLUX advances the simulation of reservoir-induced landslides, offering insights into hydro-mechanical feedback and failure progression. The framework’s ability to resolve multi-scale interactions positions it as a predictive tool for slope stability assessment and risk mitigation along reservoir-induced landslides.