<p>Microencapsulated resin mineral composites (MRMC) are widely used in the infrastructure industry for their ability to intelligently detect and autonomously repair the microcracks, whereas the interactions between microcracks and components of self-healing composites have not been well understood. To reveal the damage behavior of MRMC, a mesoscopic fracture model of the self-healing composites was established based on the cohesive element, the variation rule of damage characteristics was analyzed at the mesoscopic level, and the effect mechanism of the microcracks was elucidated. The results show that the rupture behavior of the microcapsules is influenced by the relative positions of the components, and the mesoscopic damage of the self-healing composites is dominated by the tensile cracks. Increasing the microcapsule size can reduce the curvature of the microcrack path, reducing the rupture probability of microcapsules. The relationship between the mechanical properties of the materials and their repair potential is balanced when the volume fraction of microcapsules is at 5%. The effect mechanism of microcracks within the material is influenced by the geometrical characteristics of the aggregate and its spatial distribution pattern. The smaller the aggregate volume fraction and aggregate size is, the greater the randomness of the propagation path of microcrack is. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the intelligent repair behavior of MRMC, thereby providing technical support to improve the serviceability of the structural parts.</p>