Prosumer Incentive Mechanisms and Coordinated Scheduling for Large-Scale Vehicle-to-Grid Interaction: A Review of Mechanisms and Challenges

This review summarizes recent studies on large-scale electric vehicle (EV)-charging infrastructure-grid interaction, focusing on charging and discharging load modeling, prosumer incentive mechanisms, and coordinated scheduling for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction.

Existing studies have progressed from statistical charging-demand prediction to analyses considering user preferences, bounded rationality, and transportation-power network coupling. Incentive mechanisms have expanded from time-of-use pricing and critical peak pricing to dynamic pricing, market bidding, demand response, and ancillary service participation. Scheduling methods have also developed from local load shifting to hierarchical coordination through aggregators, charging operators, and virtual power plants.

Current research has provided an initial framework for coordinated EV-charging infrastructure-grid interaction. However, load modeling remains limited in scenarios, vehicle types, and time scales; incentive mechanisms insufficiently address short-term system changes, grid and charging-station capacity, battery degradation, multi-market coordination, and station-level carbon signals; and hierarchical scheduling still lacks unified cross-level flexibility boundaries. Future research should improve load modeling, incentive design, and coordinated scheduling for large-scale V2G interaction.