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<p>This study investigates the tribological behavior of Polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced with glass fibre (GF), fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). While PA6-GF composites are valued for their strength-to-weight ratio and thermal resistance, FDM-printed counterparts often suffer from poor interlayer bonding, compromising mechanical integrity and increasing wear susceptibility during service. In applications like gears, brackets, and sliding components, tribological performance is critical to functional applicability. Post processing techniques such as annealing reduce locked‑in stresses, promote better polymer chain mobility and crystallinity, and improve interfacial fused filament bonding thereby reducing voids between the matrix and particles and improving mechanical integrity. On the other hand, laser surface treatment densifies the surface, potentially enhances localized bonding through thermal effects, promotes matrix‑matrix and matrix‑fiber re‑bonding and ensures the absence of voids which in turn reduces friction and wear. Hence, this research focuses on these two post-processing strategies to improve interlayer adhesion, surface integrity, and ultimately enhance wear resistance. Tribological tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc apparatus under varying loads (5, 10, 15 and 20&#xa0;N) and sliding velocities (1 ms<sup>− 1</sup> and 3 ms<sup>− 1</sup>), measuring wear rate and coefficient of friction. Shore-D hardness was also measured before and after wear. The results indicated that the rate of wear and the frictional coefficient were minimum at 5&#xa0;N and 1 ms<sup>− 1</sup> for all the tested specimens and increased as the load and velocity increased. Laser-treated specimens showed the greatest wear resistance and lowest friction, attributed to densified interlayer fusion and surface texturing, while annealed samples exhibited moderate improvements. SEM analysis confirmed reduced voids and smoother surfaces after treatment. Overall, laser surface treatment was most effective in overcoming the tribological limitations of FDM-printed PA6-GF composites for demanding applications.</p>

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Tribological Analysis of Annealed and Laser-Treated Polyamide 6 Reinforced with Glass Fibre Composites Fabricated by FDM Technology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • N. Karthick,
  • A. Sathishkumar,
  • K. Kaviyarasan,
  • J. Arun Prasanth

摘要

This study investigates the tribological behavior of Polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced with glass fibre (GF), fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). While PA6-GF composites are valued for their strength-to-weight ratio and thermal resistance, FDM-printed counterparts often suffer from poor interlayer bonding, compromising mechanical integrity and increasing wear susceptibility during service. In applications like gears, brackets, and sliding components, tribological performance is critical to functional applicability. Post processing techniques such as annealing reduce locked‑in stresses, promote better polymer chain mobility and crystallinity, and improve interfacial fused filament bonding thereby reducing voids between the matrix and particles and improving mechanical integrity. On the other hand, laser surface treatment densifies the surface, potentially enhances localized bonding through thermal effects, promotes matrix‑matrix and matrix‑fiber re‑bonding and ensures the absence of voids which in turn reduces friction and wear. Hence, this research focuses on these two post-processing strategies to improve interlayer adhesion, surface integrity, and ultimately enhance wear resistance. Tribological tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc apparatus under varying loads (5, 10, 15 and 20 N) and sliding velocities (1 ms− 1 and 3 ms− 1), measuring wear rate and coefficient of friction. Shore-D hardness was also measured before and after wear. The results indicated that the rate of wear and the frictional coefficient were minimum at 5 N and 1 ms− 1 for all the tested specimens and increased as the load and velocity increased. Laser-treated specimens showed the greatest wear resistance and lowest friction, attributed to densified interlayer fusion and surface texturing, while annealed samples exhibited moderate improvements. SEM analysis confirmed reduced voids and smoother surfaces after treatment. Overall, laser surface treatment was most effective in overcoming the tribological limitations of FDM-printed PA6-GF composites for demanding applications.