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<p>This study developed a depth-dependent framework for characterizing soil stiffness for pipe jacking in soft Bangkok clay using borehole data, empirical stiffness correlations, field monitoring, and three-dimensional finite-element analysis. Using a specific case study in Bangkok, field parameters from borehole data were grouped into shallow fill/sand (0–3&#xa0;m), soft clay (3–15&#xa0;m), and deeper clay (15–30&#xa0;m) intervals to derive layer-specific elastic modulus relationships. The 3–15&#xa0;m soft clay layer controlled the deformation response because it coincided with the pipe installation depth and contained low-stiffness materials. Correlation assessment indicated that model selection could not rely only on the coefficient of determination; sample size, dispersion, prediction error, residual distribution, and agreement with observed settlement were also required. The standard penetration test value provided a more practically stable stiffness indicator than undrained shear strength within the critical soft clay layer, although this interpretation required completion of the missing statistical metrics. Numerical comparisons show that the stiffness configuration reduced the predicted settlement from 0.1773&#xa0;m to 0.1041&#xa0;m but did not uniformly increase internal forces and was inconsistent with field results. The proposed framework links depth classification, parameter selection, and response validation for stiffness configurations in variable soft clay.</p>

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Depth-Dependent Soil Stiffness Framework for Pipe Jacking in Soft Bangkok Clay

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Krairoj Mahannopkul,
  • Panich Voottipruex,
  • Piyarat Paoleng,
  • Ittipon Meepon,
  • Wilailak Sramoon,
  • Siriphat Maneekeaw

摘要

This study developed a depth-dependent framework for characterizing soil stiffness for pipe jacking in soft Bangkok clay using borehole data, empirical stiffness correlations, field monitoring, and three-dimensional finite-element analysis. Using a specific case study in Bangkok, field parameters from borehole data were grouped into shallow fill/sand (0–3 m), soft clay (3–15 m), and deeper clay (15–30 m) intervals to derive layer-specific elastic modulus relationships. The 3–15 m soft clay layer controlled the deformation response because it coincided with the pipe installation depth and contained low-stiffness materials. Correlation assessment indicated that model selection could not rely only on the coefficient of determination; sample size, dispersion, prediction error, residual distribution, and agreement with observed settlement were also required. The standard penetration test value provided a more practically stable stiffness indicator than undrained shear strength within the critical soft clay layer, although this interpretation required completion of the missing statistical metrics. Numerical comparisons show that the stiffness configuration reduced the predicted settlement from 0.1773 m to 0.1041 m but did not uniformly increase internal forces and was inconsistent with field results. The proposed framework links depth classification, parameter selection, and response validation for stiffness configurations in variable soft clay.