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<p>Back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth (BBMSE) walls, widely adopted in space-limited infrastructure, remain poorly characterized, with limited experimental data and minimal guidance in current design codes. This study examines the effect of facing batter—a geometric parameter often overlooked—on BBMSE walls with modular block unit (MBU) facings, typically built with batter angles of 7° and 12°. Validated two-dimensional finite-difference models were used to simulate staged construction and capture detailed soil–structure interaction. Results show that even modest facing batter substantially improves wall performance: vertical stresses in facing columns are markedly reduced, maximum lateral displacements decrease by roughly 5% per degree of batter, and peak reinforcement forces drop by approximately 5% per degree, which exceeds predicted rates from current design methods. The findings demonstrate that facing batter is a simple yet highly effective design modification, offering measurable gains in structural efficiency, serviceability, and reinforcement optimization, and providing valuable insights for refining design guidelines.</p>

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Effect of Facing Batter on the Serviceability Performance of Back-to-Back Geogrid-Reinforced Modular-Block Walls

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Amin Abdoli Fazel,
  • Ahmad Fahimifar,
  • Mehrdad Emami Tabrizi,
  • Javad Nazariafshar

摘要

Back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth (BBMSE) walls, widely adopted in space-limited infrastructure, remain poorly characterized, with limited experimental data and minimal guidance in current design codes. This study examines the effect of facing batter—a geometric parameter often overlooked—on BBMSE walls with modular block unit (MBU) facings, typically built with batter angles of 7° and 12°. Validated two-dimensional finite-difference models were used to simulate staged construction and capture detailed soil–structure interaction. Results show that even modest facing batter substantially improves wall performance: vertical stresses in facing columns are markedly reduced, maximum lateral displacements decrease by roughly 5% per degree of batter, and peak reinforcement forces drop by approximately 5% per degree, which exceeds predicted rates from current design methods. The findings demonstrate that facing batter is a simple yet highly effective design modification, offering measurable gains in structural efficiency, serviceability, and reinforcement optimization, and providing valuable insights for refining design guidelines.