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<p>A numerical comparison of soil nailing, geogrid reinforcement, and Vetiver root (Chrysopogon zizanioides) stabilization was conducted under static unsaturated and rainfall-induced conditions. Rainfall was simulated as a prolonged moderate-intensity infiltration event. Finite element modeling was performed, and slope stability was evaluated using the shear strength reduction approach. Factor of safety, displacement response, pore-water pressure evolution, and equivalent plastic strain distribution were assessed, and a normalized cost index was computed. All reinforcement systems improved stability relative to the baseline slope. Under unsaturated conditions, the factor of safety increased by approximately 7–21%, whereas under rainfall conditions, improvements ranged from 4% to 27%, depending on the techniques employed. Soil nailing provided the greatest stability enhancement, minimized displacement, suppressed pore-water pressure rise, and restricted plastic strain localization. Geogrid reinforcement achieved moderate safety improvement with effective deformation control. Vetiver-based stabilization yielded smaller strength gains but maintained performance under infiltration. Normalized cost analysis demonstrated clear economic differentiation, identifying Vetiver stabilization as the most economical solution and soil nailing as the most cost-intensive system.</p>

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Performance and Cost Based Selection of an Optimal Reinforcement Technique for Man-Made Slopes under Rainfall Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Md Aadil Arfin,
  • Syed Mohammad Abbas

摘要

A numerical comparison of soil nailing, geogrid reinforcement, and Vetiver root (Chrysopogon zizanioides) stabilization was conducted under static unsaturated and rainfall-induced conditions. Rainfall was simulated as a prolonged moderate-intensity infiltration event. Finite element modeling was performed, and slope stability was evaluated using the shear strength reduction approach. Factor of safety, displacement response, pore-water pressure evolution, and equivalent plastic strain distribution were assessed, and a normalized cost index was computed. All reinforcement systems improved stability relative to the baseline slope. Under unsaturated conditions, the factor of safety increased by approximately 7–21%, whereas under rainfall conditions, improvements ranged from 4% to 27%, depending on the techniques employed. Soil nailing provided the greatest stability enhancement, minimized displacement, suppressed pore-water pressure rise, and restricted plastic strain localization. Geogrid reinforcement achieved moderate safety improvement with effective deformation control. Vetiver-based stabilization yielded smaller strength gains but maintained performance under infiltration. Normalized cost analysis demonstrated clear economic differentiation, identifying Vetiver stabilization as the most economical solution and soil nailing as the most cost-intensive system.