<p>This study developed a theoretical model to analyze ground settlement induced by shield tunneling in composite strata. An analytical solution for vertical displacement was derived, incorporating the superimposed effects of ground loss, additional face pressure, shield-soil friction, and synchronous and secondary grouting pressures. The model was validated against field monitoring data from two case histories. Parametric analysis revealed that larger tunnel diameters amplified the influence of face and synchronous grouting pressures on deformation, while the effect of secondary grouting pressure was diameter-insensitive. In soft strata with a low elastic modulus, the combined factors could induce ground heave ahead of the face, which was controllable by reducing chamber pressure.</p>