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<p>This study assessed surface settlement resulting from shallow tunnel excavation in soft soil using a three-dimensional physical model with close conformity to earth pressure balance shield tunnelling conditions. The model allowed systematic variation of operational parameters, including overburden depth (expressed in terms of <i>D</i>, where <i>D</i> is the tunnel diameter), soil compaction, soil moisture content, and grout injection pressure, while maintaining a constant face pressure of 25&#xa0;kPa throughout all tests. Increasing the overburden from 1 to 2D increased surface settlement from 3.5 to 5.5&#xa0;mm, and tunnel crown settlement from 4.5 to 10&#xa0;mm. Enhanced soil compaction, achieved by increasing the number of compaction drops, reduced both surface and crown settlements. Grout injection pressure was tested at 25, 50, and 75&#xa0;kPa. Raising the injection pressure from 25 to 75&#xa0;kPa at low compaction reduced crown settlement from 10 to 5&#xa0;mm and decreased surface settlement by 42%. Increasing the moisture content from 5 to 15% resulted in further reduction in both surface and crown settlements. These findings demonstrated that optimising compaction, grout injection pressure, and moisture content can effectively minimise surface and tunnel crown settlements in mechanised tunnelling through soft soils.</p>

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Three-Dimensional Physical Modelling of Surface Settlement Induced by EPB-TBM Excavation in Soft Soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月26日

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  • Hossein Azad Soula,
  • Hamid Chakeri,
  • Hadi Shakeri

摘要

This study assessed surface settlement resulting from shallow tunnel excavation in soft soil using a three-dimensional physical model with close conformity to earth pressure balance shield tunnelling conditions. The model allowed systematic variation of operational parameters, including overburden depth (expressed in terms of D, where D is the tunnel diameter), soil compaction, soil moisture content, and grout injection pressure, while maintaining a constant face pressure of 25 kPa throughout all tests. Increasing the overburden from 1 to 2D increased surface settlement from 3.5 to 5.5 mm, and tunnel crown settlement from 4.5 to 10 mm. Enhanced soil compaction, achieved by increasing the number of compaction drops, reduced both surface and crown settlements. Grout injection pressure was tested at 25, 50, and 75 kPa. Raising the injection pressure from 25 to 75 kPa at low compaction reduced crown settlement from 10 to 5 mm and decreased surface settlement by 42%. Increasing the moisture content from 5 to 15% resulted in further reduction in both surface and crown settlements. These findings demonstrated that optimising compaction, grout injection pressure, and moisture content can effectively minimise surface and tunnel crown settlements in mechanised tunnelling through soft soils.