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<p>Root System Architecture (RSA) is a pivotal trait for enhancing drought resilience in rice, as it directly influences water uptake efficiency. Key RSA traits, including deeper rooting, root length density, and root growth angle, contribute significantly to stress adaptation. However, the root system often referred to as the “hidden half,” remains underutilized in conventional breeding programs despite being the primary site of stress perception and a core component of the plant’s drought response. This review provides an integrative, mechanism-driven synthesis that links root architecture, anatomical adaptations, hormonal and molecular signaling pathways, and translational breeding strategies for drought tolerance in rice, thereby bridging the gap between mechanistic understanding and breeding application. It highlights recent advances in identifying drought-responsive genes, including <i>Deeper Rooting 1</i>, and discusses the role of forward genetics in uncovering sequence variations associated with favorable RSA traits. Emerging image-based high-throughput phenotyping platforms and non-invasive technologies such as X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have enabled detailed characterization of root development and function. By integrating RSA-driven insights from high-throughput phenotyping and molecular genetics into breeding pipelines, rice improvement programs can achieve durable drought tolerance, yield stability, and resilience to climatic variability. Furthermore, the review examines adaptive mechanisms of rice roots under water-deficit conditions and outlines prospective strategies to accelerate genetic enhancement toward developing next-generation climate-resilient rice cultivars.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Insights into root system architecture and their mechanisms conferring drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Srimathi Karthikeyan,
  • Jeyaprakash Paramasivam,
  • Vanniarajan Chockalingam,
  • Raveendran Muthurajan,
  • Senthil Alagarsamy,
  • Raju Marimuthu,
  • Bharathi Ayyenar,
  • Sudha Manickam

摘要

Root System Architecture (RSA) is a pivotal trait for enhancing drought resilience in rice, as it directly influences water uptake efficiency. Key RSA traits, including deeper rooting, root length density, and root growth angle, contribute significantly to stress adaptation. However, the root system often referred to as the “hidden half,” remains underutilized in conventional breeding programs despite being the primary site of stress perception and a core component of the plant’s drought response. This review provides an integrative, mechanism-driven synthesis that links root architecture, anatomical adaptations, hormonal and molecular signaling pathways, and translational breeding strategies for drought tolerance in rice, thereby bridging the gap between mechanistic understanding and breeding application. It highlights recent advances in identifying drought-responsive genes, including Deeper Rooting 1, and discusses the role of forward genetics in uncovering sequence variations associated with favorable RSA traits. Emerging image-based high-throughput phenotyping platforms and non-invasive technologies such as X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have enabled detailed characterization of root development and function. By integrating RSA-driven insights from high-throughput phenotyping and molecular genetics into breeding pipelines, rice improvement programs can achieve durable drought tolerance, yield stability, and resilience to climatic variability. Furthermore, the review examines adaptive mechanisms of rice roots under water-deficit conditions and outlines prospective strategies to accelerate genetic enhancement toward developing next-generation climate-resilient rice cultivars.

Graphical abstract