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Purpose of review <p>Pernicious anemia (PA) is a rare autoimmune disease often diagnosed at late stage due to its insidious onset and nonspecific clinical features. This review emphasizes the importance of identifying oral manifestations, as early indicators of vitamin B12 deficiency.</p> Recent findings <p>PA is a primary cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in adults. Recent studies highlight the autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells and intrinsic factor antibodies, which impair vitamin B12 absorption. Oral manifestations, including burning sensations, erythema, mucosal atrophy, and "Hunter glossitis," often precede systemic symptoms and are present in 50–60% of megaloblastic anemia patients. Burning sensations are reported in 100% of patients with macrocytosis and in 66.7% with atrophic glossitis.</p> Summary <p>PA is a complex condition with both systemic and oral manifestations. Oral health professionals should assess vitamin B12 levels in patients with unexplained oral symptoms to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.</p>

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Navigating Pernicious Anemia: Oral Health as a Window to Systemic Disease

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月21日

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  • Sara Boukssim,
  • Saliha Chbicheb

摘要

Purpose of review

Pernicious anemia (PA) is a rare autoimmune disease often diagnosed at late stage due to its insidious onset and nonspecific clinical features. This review emphasizes the importance of identifying oral manifestations, as early indicators of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Recent findings

PA is a primary cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in adults. Recent studies highlight the autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells and intrinsic factor antibodies, which impair vitamin B12 absorption. Oral manifestations, including burning sensations, erythema, mucosal atrophy, and "Hunter glossitis," often precede systemic symptoms and are present in 50–60% of megaloblastic anemia patients. Burning sensations are reported in 100% of patients with macrocytosis and in 66.7% with atrophic glossitis.

Summary

PA is a complex condition with both systemic and oral manifestations. Oral health professionals should assess vitamin B12 levels in patients with unexplained oral symptoms to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.