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Purpose of Review <p>This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms through which herbal drugs modulate insulin resistance, a central feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Specifically, it focuses on the roles of three critical intracellular signaling pathways—AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)—in mediating the antidiabetic effects of various phytochemicals. </p> Recent Findings <p>Recent studies have identified several bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, such as berberine, curcumin, resveratrol, and ginsenosides, that influence insulin sensitivity by targeting AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR pathways. These compounds enhance glucose uptake, promote lipid oxidation, reduce inflammation, and restore metabolic homeostasis. Evidence also suggests significant crosstalk among these pathways, indicating the potential of multi-targeted herbal therapies. However, challenges such as poor bioavailability, lack of standardization, and limited clinical validation remain significant barriers to clinical translation.</p> Summary <p>Herbal medicines offer promising alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antidiabetic therapies by modulating key metabolic pathways involved in insulin resistance. Their multitargeted actions on AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR pathways highlight their therapeutic potential. Future research should focus on improving bioavailability, standardizing formulations, and conducting large-scale clinical trials to validate efficacy and safety. A deeper mechanistic understanding and integration with personalized medicine approaches could further enhance the clinical utility of herbal interventions in managing insulin resistance and T2DM.</p>

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Molecular Mechanisms of Herbal Drugs in Modulating Insulin Resistance: Focus on AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR Pathways

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Prachi Goswami,
  • Garima Mathur,
  • Shivani Sharma,
  • Devika Gautam,
  • Kalpana Swain,
  • Satyanarayan Pattnaik

摘要

Purpose of Review

This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms through which herbal drugs modulate insulin resistance, a central feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Specifically, it focuses on the roles of three critical intracellular signaling pathways—AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)—in mediating the antidiabetic effects of various phytochemicals.

Recent Findings

Recent studies have identified several bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, such as berberine, curcumin, resveratrol, and ginsenosides, that influence insulin sensitivity by targeting AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR pathways. These compounds enhance glucose uptake, promote lipid oxidation, reduce inflammation, and restore metabolic homeostasis. Evidence also suggests significant crosstalk among these pathways, indicating the potential of multi-targeted herbal therapies. However, challenges such as poor bioavailability, lack of standardization, and limited clinical validation remain significant barriers to clinical translation.

Summary

Herbal medicines offer promising alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antidiabetic therapies by modulating key metabolic pathways involved in insulin resistance. Their multitargeted actions on AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR pathways highlight their therapeutic potential. Future research should focus on improving bioavailability, standardizing formulations, and conducting large-scale clinical trials to validate efficacy and safety. A deeper mechanistic understanding and integration with personalized medicine approaches could further enhance the clinical utility of herbal interventions in managing insulin resistance and T2DM.