Stem Cells and Regenerative Strategies for Wound Healing: Therapeutic and Clinical Implications

The skin is the largest organ of the body and performs various functions. Various stem cells are responsible for repairing damaged tissues and restoration of tissue proportion, which results in wound repair. If the wound healing process is not completed or impaired, it results in non-healing or delayed healing of wounds and known as chronic wounds. Sometimes, rupture of stem cells causes chronic wound by molecular and cellular actions in which the reason is not known. In the present review, we describe different types of stem cells for therapeutic application including adult mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, embryonic stem cells, umbilical cord stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Here, we enlighten on recent advances surrounding stem cell therapies for wound healing and their clinical acceptance criteria. We summarize an overview of the original function and therapeutic applications of the most promising stem cell populations for wound healing. Better therapeutic research on chronic wound healing is ongoing as current therapies have limited efficacy for this; adult stem cells can become good options for several skin pathologies. Keratinocytes are produced by epidermal stem cells. Due to the skin barrier properties of the keratinized layer through terminal differentiation caused by keratinocytes, it supports to the skin epidermis for regeneration. As stem cells can regenerate and distinguish the biomolecular location, it is gaining appreciation from three decades for the treatment of ulcers (venous) and diabetic chronic disease. This review also described various therapeutic approaches for the treatment of non-healing wounds and discussed about epidermal stem cell strategy, along with skin tissue engineering and follicle repair approach.