<p>Kidney diseases are diverse, with complex pathological mechanisms, and often lack specific clinical symptoms in the early stage. Conventional laboratory or imaging tests are unable to reflect the early pathological changes in the kidney, which often delays the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In recent years, ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) has received extensive attention in basic and translational research of renal diseases owing to its unique capability of assessing renal microvascular architecture and function, together with its advantages of high resolution, high penetrability, and real-time imaging. In this paper, we systematically review the research progress of ULM in the diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases, focusing on its potential application in renal microvascular super-resolution imaging, early lesion identification and assisted renal biopsy, and discussing the potential value of ULM in the future precision medicine of renal diseases.</p>