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Purpose of Review <p>The focus of this review is on the molecular mechanisms leading to otolconia dysfunction. The nervous system creates a real picture of changes in the body's position in space through the vestibular apparatus, which consists of the otolithic organs and the semicircular canals located in the inner ear. It determines the ability to navigate in space and coordinate parts of the body and the whole body. Degeneration of the otolithic receptors of the utricle disrupts spatial orientation and leads to the condition known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. It is the most common pathology of the peripheral vestibular system and is characterized by sudden, transient vertigo when the position of the head in space changes. To date, it is generally accepted that the cause of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a violation of the integrity of the otolithic membrane of the macula of the utricle and saccule, resulting in the intrusion of the otoconia into one or more semicircular canals. The result is abnormal stimulation of the cupula either by free floating otoconia in the endolymph of the semicircular canal (canalolithiasis) or by otoconia attached to the cupula (cupulolithiasis).</p> Recent Findings <p>Literature on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo published on Pubmed and Google Scholar was reviewed using key words such as “benign paroxysmal positional vertigo “, ‘‘inner ear protein,’’ ‘‘biomarkers of BPPV,’’ and several specific protein searches such as ‘‘otolin-1’’ and “PMCA” based on findings from the initial searches.</p> Summary <p>For an interdisciplinary understanding of the functioning of the peripheral vestibular apparatus in normal and pathological conditions, we have systematized data on its functional anatomy and pathophysiological conditions leading to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. The analysis of the latest data from basic research on the etiology of otolithic receptor degeneration is presented in our research. As a "growth point" for further studies of the structure of otolithic receptors, we presented the development of methods for the diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo based on the detection of structure-forming proteins of the otoconia in the patient's blood as its molecular biomarkers.</p>

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Vestibular Otolithic Receptors: Association Between Molecular Mechanism of Degeneration and Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月29日

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  • Vladimir N. Nikolenko,
  • Anna S. Proshkina,
  • Yury O. Zharikov,
  • Negorya A. Rizaeva,
  • Tatiana A. Lapina,
  • Polina A. Sharifullina,
  • Denis A. Aniskin,
  • Tatiana S. Zharikova,
  • André Pontes-Silva,
  • Marine V. Oganesyan

摘要

Purpose of Review

The focus of this review is on the molecular mechanisms leading to otolconia dysfunction. The nervous system creates a real picture of changes in the body's position in space through the vestibular apparatus, which consists of the otolithic organs and the semicircular canals located in the inner ear. It determines the ability to navigate in space and coordinate parts of the body and the whole body. Degeneration of the otolithic receptors of the utricle disrupts spatial orientation and leads to the condition known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. It is the most common pathology of the peripheral vestibular system and is characterized by sudden, transient vertigo when the position of the head in space changes. To date, it is generally accepted that the cause of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a violation of the integrity of the otolithic membrane of the macula of the utricle and saccule, resulting in the intrusion of the otoconia into one or more semicircular canals. The result is abnormal stimulation of the cupula either by free floating otoconia in the endolymph of the semicircular canal (canalolithiasis) or by otoconia attached to the cupula (cupulolithiasis).

Recent Findings

Literature on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo published on Pubmed and Google Scholar was reviewed using key words such as “benign paroxysmal positional vertigo “, ‘‘inner ear protein,’’ ‘‘biomarkers of BPPV,’’ and several specific protein searches such as ‘‘otolin-1’’ and “PMCA” based on findings from the initial searches.

Summary

For an interdisciplinary understanding of the functioning of the peripheral vestibular apparatus in normal and pathological conditions, we have systematized data on its functional anatomy and pathophysiological conditions leading to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. The analysis of the latest data from basic research on the etiology of otolithic receptor degeneration is presented in our research. As a "growth point" for further studies of the structure of otolithic receptors, we presented the development of methods for the diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo based on the detection of structure-forming proteins of the otoconia in the patient's blood as its molecular biomarkers.