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<p>Middle ear fluid accumulation, commonly associated with otitis media with effusion and Eustachian tube dysfunction, is a major cause of conductive hearing loss. Most existing physiological models focus on passive pressure regulation and are not formulated for feedback-based therapeutic intervention. This paper develops a control-oriented nonlinear dynamical framework for the regulation of middle ear fluid volume and pressure through active drainage. Starting from a formal description of middle ear pressure regulation, a reduced-order fluid–pressure coupled model is derived that preserves key physiological mechanisms while explicitly incorporating a bounded and unidirectional drainage control input. Robust nonlinear feedback control laws based on classical sliding mode control (SMC) and fixed-time super-twisting sliding mode control (FT-STSMC) are designed to suppress pathological fluid accumulation in the presence of uncertain secretion dynamics and bounded disturbances. Lyapunov-based analysis establishes positivity, boundedness, and finite-time as well as practical fixed-time convergence properties of the closed-loop system. To enhance practical performance and eliminate heuristic gain selection, the FT-STSMC controller parameters are optimized offline using the RedFox optimization algorithm. Numerical simulations conducted in <span>MATLAB</span>&#xa0;R2024b demonstrate rapid fluid clearance, stable pressure regulation, and smooth, bounded control effort consistent with physiological actuation constraints. The proposed framework provides a mathematically rigorous and clinically interpretable foundation for feedback-controlled middle ear drainage and pressure regulation.</p>

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Feedback-controlled regulation of middle ear fluid and pressure using fixed-time sliding mode control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月16日

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  • Muhammad Munir Butt,
  • Ishrat Jabeen

摘要

Middle ear fluid accumulation, commonly associated with otitis media with effusion and Eustachian tube dysfunction, is a major cause of conductive hearing loss. Most existing physiological models focus on passive pressure regulation and are not formulated for feedback-based therapeutic intervention. This paper develops a control-oriented nonlinear dynamical framework for the regulation of middle ear fluid volume and pressure through active drainage. Starting from a formal description of middle ear pressure regulation, a reduced-order fluid–pressure coupled model is derived that preserves key physiological mechanisms while explicitly incorporating a bounded and unidirectional drainage control input. Robust nonlinear feedback control laws based on classical sliding mode control (SMC) and fixed-time super-twisting sliding mode control (FT-STSMC) are designed to suppress pathological fluid accumulation in the presence of uncertain secretion dynamics and bounded disturbances. Lyapunov-based analysis establishes positivity, boundedness, and finite-time as well as practical fixed-time convergence properties of the closed-loop system. To enhance practical performance and eliminate heuristic gain selection, the FT-STSMC controller parameters are optimized offline using the RedFox optimization algorithm. Numerical simulations conducted in MATLAB R2024b demonstrate rapid fluid clearance, stable pressure regulation, and smooth, bounded control effort consistent with physiological actuation constraints. The proposed framework provides a mathematically rigorous and clinically interpretable foundation for feedback-controlled middle ear drainage and pressure regulation.