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<p>This paper presents a novel Automatic Generation Control strategy for a multi-source hydro-thermal power system integrated with a Pumped Storage Plant (PSP) in a deregulated environment. Although fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers, cascaded control structures, and PSPs have been investigated individually in the literature, their synergistic integration through a Cleaner Fish Optimization (CFO)-tuned cascaded fractional-order controller (CCFOHC) for Load Frequency Control has not been reported previously. The CFO algorithm, inspired by the cooperative foraging behaviour of cleaner fish, is employed to optimize both the fractional-order controller parameters and control gains simultaneously, offering faster convergence and improved search efficiency compared to conventional metaheuristic algorithms such as GOA and GRWO. Comprehensive simulations demonstrate significant performance improvements. Compared to PID and conventional FOPID controllers optimized using GOA and GRWO, the proposed CFO-tuned CCFOHC achieves reductions of up to 88.34% in peak overshoot, 95.12% in undershoot, and 81.45% in settling time for <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Delta f_{1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, along with a 68.27% reduction in ISE. Sensitivity and eigenvalue analyses under ± 25% parametric perturbations and varying load conditions confirm that the fractional-order dynamics substantially enhance system robustness and stability margins. These results establish the CFO-tuned CCFOHC as a computationally efficient, robust, and high-performance control strategy for hydro-thermal systems with PSPs in a deregulated environment.</p>

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Multi-area Load Frequency Control of hydro-thermal-pumped storage systems using cleaner fish optimized fractional-order cascade controller under OPF-based cost and emission minimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Debodyuti Upadhaya,
  • Soumen Biswas,
  • Susanta Dutta,
  • Anagha Bhattacharya

摘要

This paper presents a novel Automatic Generation Control strategy for a multi-source hydro-thermal power system integrated with a Pumped Storage Plant (PSP) in a deregulated environment. Although fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers, cascaded control structures, and PSPs have been investigated individually in the literature, their synergistic integration through a Cleaner Fish Optimization (CFO)-tuned cascaded fractional-order controller (CCFOHC) for Load Frequency Control has not been reported previously. The CFO algorithm, inspired by the cooperative foraging behaviour of cleaner fish, is employed to optimize both the fractional-order controller parameters and control gains simultaneously, offering faster convergence and improved search efficiency compared to conventional metaheuristic algorithms such as GOA and GRWO. Comprehensive simulations demonstrate significant performance improvements. Compared to PID and conventional FOPID controllers optimized using GOA and GRWO, the proposed CFO-tuned CCFOHC achieves reductions of up to 88.34% in peak overshoot, 95.12% in undershoot, and 81.45% in settling time for \(\Delta f_{1}\) Δ f 1 , along with a 68.27% reduction in ISE. Sensitivity and eigenvalue analyses under ± 25% parametric perturbations and varying load conditions confirm that the fractional-order dynamics substantially enhance system robustness and stability margins. These results establish the CFO-tuned CCFOHC as a computationally efficient, robust, and high-performance control strategy for hydro-thermal systems with PSPs in a deregulated environment.