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<p>Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional grafting techniques, overcoming limitations such as donor site morbidity, immune rejection, and disease transmission. Additive manufacturing has significantly advanced this field through the customized fabrication of patient-specific bone scaffolds with precise control over porosity and architecture. This study examines the mechanical performance and material characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) and 5 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) reinforced composites developed using a single screw extrusion system and fused filament fabrication, presenting a novel approach with single screw extrusion and detailed mechanical analysis. ASTM standard specimens are manufactured with a gyroid infill pattern with 10% infill volume to mimic the porous structure of natural bone. The addition of 5 wt% nHA to PLA resulted in a reduction in tensile, compressive, and flexural strengths by approximately 23%, 24%, and 46%, respectively, with tensile strength decreasing from 33.64&#xa0;MPa to 25.82&#xa0;MPa, compressive strength from 23.97&#xa0;MPa to 18.27&#xa0;MPa, and flexural strength from 53.99&#xa0;MPa to 36.82&#xa0;MPa. Izod impact strength remained nearly unchanged at 15&#xa0;J/m for both materials, suggesting that nHA incorporation had minimal influence on impact resistance. However, the composite exhibited improved crystallinity and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for bone regeneration applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the dispersion of nHA within the PLA matrix and the enhancement of crystalline peaks. The findings suggest that PLA/nHA composites hold significant potential in bone scaffold applications, balancing mechanical properties with functionality for improved osteogenesis.</p>

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Mechanical and microstructural analysis of fused filament fabricated polylactic Acid/ hydroxyapatite composites for bone scaffold applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Ribin Varghese Pazhamannil,
  • V. V. Muhammed Anees,
  • Mohammad Alkhedher

摘要

Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional grafting techniques, overcoming limitations such as donor site morbidity, immune rejection, and disease transmission. Additive manufacturing has significantly advanced this field through the customized fabrication of patient-specific bone scaffolds with precise control over porosity and architecture. This study examines the mechanical performance and material characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) and 5 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) reinforced composites developed using a single screw extrusion system and fused filament fabrication, presenting a novel approach with single screw extrusion and detailed mechanical analysis. ASTM standard specimens are manufactured with a gyroid infill pattern with 10% infill volume to mimic the porous structure of natural bone. The addition of 5 wt% nHA to PLA resulted in a reduction in tensile, compressive, and flexural strengths by approximately 23%, 24%, and 46%, respectively, with tensile strength decreasing from 33.64 MPa to 25.82 MPa, compressive strength from 23.97 MPa to 18.27 MPa, and flexural strength from 53.99 MPa to 36.82 MPa. Izod impact strength remained nearly unchanged at 15 J/m for both materials, suggesting that nHA incorporation had minimal influence on impact resistance. However, the composite exhibited improved crystallinity and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for bone regeneration applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the dispersion of nHA within the PLA matrix and the enhancement of crystalline peaks. The findings suggest that PLA/nHA composites hold significant potential in bone scaffold applications, balancing mechanical properties with functionality for improved osteogenesis.