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<p>The increasing demand for cleaner diesel engine fuels has motivated the development of biodiesel–nanoparticle blends that can improve combustion efficiency while reducing harmful emissions. In this study, a B50 blend containing 50% <i>Prosopis juliflora</i> biodiesel and 50% diesel was enhanced with 50 ppm ZnO nanoparticles to evaluate its performance, combustion, emission, and dispersion stability characteristics in a single-cylinder, four-stroke CI engine operating at 1500&#xa0;rpm. Fuel characterisation confirmed acceptable physicochemical properties in accordance with ASTM standards. At the same time, nanoparticle dispersion exhibited high stability with less than 1.2% sedimentation and only a 4% reduction in UV–Vis absorbance after seven days. Engine tests revealed that the B50 + 50 ppm ZnO blend improved brake thermal efficiency to 31.15%, representing a 3.62% increase compared to B50 and approaching neat diesel performance. Specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.33% relative to B50 due to enhanced combustion. Notably, NOx emissions were reduced by 2.3% at full load, accompanied by reductions in HC (12.5%) and smoke opacity (4.36%), outperforming B50. Combustion analysis revealed a 1.2° CA reduction in ignition delay and a 16.6% decrease in peak heat release rate, resulting in a ~ 180&#xa0;K lower peak combustion temperature. These results demonstrate that incorporating a low ZnO dosage can significantly improve the combustion–emission trade-off in biodiesel–diesel blends. The findings highlight <i>Prosopis juliflora</i> biodiesel as a viable, cleaner, and sustainable alternative fuel when synergistically combined with metal oxide nanoparticles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Experimental analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticle influence on performance using Prosopis juliflora biodiesel mixed with diesel in CI engines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • B. Thangagiri,
  • G. Vairamuthu,
  • R. Venkatesh

摘要

The increasing demand for cleaner diesel engine fuels has motivated the development of biodiesel–nanoparticle blends that can improve combustion efficiency while reducing harmful emissions. In this study, a B50 blend containing 50% Prosopis juliflora biodiesel and 50% diesel was enhanced with 50 ppm ZnO nanoparticles to evaluate its performance, combustion, emission, and dispersion stability characteristics in a single-cylinder, four-stroke CI engine operating at 1500 rpm. Fuel characterisation confirmed acceptable physicochemical properties in accordance with ASTM standards. At the same time, nanoparticle dispersion exhibited high stability with less than 1.2% sedimentation and only a 4% reduction in UV–Vis absorbance after seven days. Engine tests revealed that the B50 + 50 ppm ZnO blend improved brake thermal efficiency to 31.15%, representing a 3.62% increase compared to B50 and approaching neat diesel performance. Specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.33% relative to B50 due to enhanced combustion. Notably, NOx emissions were reduced by 2.3% at full load, accompanied by reductions in HC (12.5%) and smoke opacity (4.36%), outperforming B50. Combustion analysis revealed a 1.2° CA reduction in ignition delay and a 16.6% decrease in peak heat release rate, resulting in a ~ 180 K lower peak combustion temperature. These results demonstrate that incorporating a low ZnO dosage can significantly improve the combustion–emission trade-off in biodiesel–diesel blends. The findings highlight Prosopis juliflora biodiesel as a viable, cleaner, and sustainable alternative fuel when synergistically combined with metal oxide nanoparticles.

Graphical abstract