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<p>Natural convection of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids in porous enclosures plays a crucial role in thermal management systems, geothermal engineering, electronic cooling, and energy storage applications. This study numerically analyzes the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection of a Cu-Al₂O₃/water hybrid nanofluid within an inclined, saturated porous square cavity. The lateral walls are maintained at different constant temperatures, while the top and bottom walls are considered adiabatic and impermeable. The fluid rheology is characterized by the Carreau–Yasuda model to capture the apparent viscosity effects, while the porous media is defined by the Dupuit–Darcy formulation under the Boussinesq approximation. A Fortran code based on finite difference methods along with the ADI and SOR techniques to solve the dimensionless governing equations iteratively through the TDMA method. The findings indicate that increased shear-thinning behavior enhances convective circulation. Conversely, augmenting the inertial parameter (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and Hartmann number (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Ha\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) suppress fluid motion due to the influence of inertial and Lorentz forces. This suppression results in a decrease of approximately 40% in the average Nusselt number, indicating a transition from convection to conduction-dominated transport. The incorporation of hybrid nanoparticles improves effective thermal conductivity and enhances heat transfer by up to 15.2%; however, at higher volume fractions, the associated viscosity increase reduces flow intensity by approximately 25.2%. The optimal thermal performance occurs at a cavity inclination of 30°. A comparison analysis indicates that SWCNT/water nanofluids surpass the Cu-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluid, as the latter experiences a significant viscosity increase that negates its conductivity advantages.</p>

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Magneto-inertial natural convection of a shear-thinning Cu-Al₂O₃/water hybrid nanofluid in an inclined porous medium: a computational study of the Carreau–Yasuda model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Islam Zid,
  • Redha Rebhi,
  • Mounir Alliche,
  • Djamel Alilat,
  • Ali J. Chamkha

摘要

Natural convection of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids in porous enclosures plays a crucial role in thermal management systems, geothermal engineering, electronic cooling, and energy storage applications. This study numerically analyzes the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection of a Cu-Al₂O₃/water hybrid nanofluid within an inclined, saturated porous square cavity. The lateral walls are maintained at different constant temperatures, while the top and bottom walls are considered adiabatic and impermeable. The fluid rheology is characterized by the Carreau–Yasuda model to capture the apparent viscosity effects, while the porous media is defined by the Dupuit–Darcy formulation under the Boussinesq approximation. A Fortran code based on finite difference methods along with the ADI and SOR techniques to solve the dimensionless governing equations iteratively through the TDMA method. The findings indicate that increased shear-thinning behavior enhances convective circulation. Conversely, augmenting the inertial parameter ( \(G\) ) and Hartmann number ( \(Ha\) ) suppress fluid motion due to the influence of inertial and Lorentz forces. This suppression results in a decrease of approximately 40% in the average Nusselt number, indicating a transition from convection to conduction-dominated transport. The incorporation of hybrid nanoparticles improves effective thermal conductivity and enhances heat transfer by up to 15.2%; however, at higher volume fractions, the associated viscosity increase reduces flow intensity by approximately 25.2%. The optimal thermal performance occurs at a cavity inclination of 30°. A comparison analysis indicates that SWCNT/water nanofluids surpass the Cu-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluid, as the latter experiences a significant viscosity increase that negates its conductivity advantages.