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<p>The escalating global demand for efficient and sustainable energy solutions has spurred extensive research into advanced heat transfer fluids for solar thermal systems. Hybrid nanofluids are synthesized by dispersing two or more types of nanoparticles into a base fluid. These fluids exhibit superior thermophysical properties compared to conventional nanofluids. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of hybrid nanofluid synthesis methods, thermophysical characteristics, stability considerations, and their applications in solar thermal systems, including solar collectors and thermal energy storage. It also explores mechanisms underlying enhanced thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer rate, and optical absorption. The experimental studies report thermal conductivity enhancements of 15–35% and convective heat transfer coefficients increased up to 40% at 0.1–1.0 vol% nanoparticle concentrations. The solar thermal efficiency improvements of 10–25% have been observed under typical solar flux conditions. Recently, nitride-based hybrid nanofluids have emerged as next-generation candidates due to their LSPR-driven superior solar absorption, high thermal stability, and excellent dispersion properties. These attributes significantly improve photothermal conversion efficiency. The review also addresses challenges including, nanoparticle agglomeration, short-term stability (5–60 days), non-standardized synthesis protocols, and cost and environmental concerns. Future directions highlight the integration of machine learning, the development of eco-friendly formulations, and scale-up strategies. This work serves as an extensive reference for research scholars, scientists, and policymakers seeking to advance next-generation solar thermal systems by utilizing the enhanced heat transfer performance and optical characteristics of hybrid nanofluids. It also addresses key challenges related to scalability, sustainability, and performance optimization through interdisciplinary methodologies.</p>

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A state-of-the-art review on hybrid nanofluid: preparation, characterization, thermophysical evaluation, and machine learning-based performance optimization of solar thermal systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Deepak Nibe,
  • Neeraj Kumar,
  • Imtiyaz Khan

摘要

The escalating global demand for efficient and sustainable energy solutions has spurred extensive research into advanced heat transfer fluids for solar thermal systems. Hybrid nanofluids are synthesized by dispersing two or more types of nanoparticles into a base fluid. These fluids exhibit superior thermophysical properties compared to conventional nanofluids. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of hybrid nanofluid synthesis methods, thermophysical characteristics, stability considerations, and their applications in solar thermal systems, including solar collectors and thermal energy storage. It also explores mechanisms underlying enhanced thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer rate, and optical absorption. The experimental studies report thermal conductivity enhancements of 15–35% and convective heat transfer coefficients increased up to 40% at 0.1–1.0 vol% nanoparticle concentrations. The solar thermal efficiency improvements of 10–25% have been observed under typical solar flux conditions. Recently, nitride-based hybrid nanofluids have emerged as next-generation candidates due to their LSPR-driven superior solar absorption, high thermal stability, and excellent dispersion properties. These attributes significantly improve photothermal conversion efficiency. The review also addresses challenges including, nanoparticle agglomeration, short-term stability (5–60 days), non-standardized synthesis protocols, and cost and environmental concerns. Future directions highlight the integration of machine learning, the development of eco-friendly formulations, and scale-up strategies. This work serves as an extensive reference for research scholars, scientists, and policymakers seeking to advance next-generation solar thermal systems by utilizing the enhanced heat transfer performance and optical characteristics of hybrid nanofluids. It also addresses key challenges related to scalability, sustainability, and performance optimization through interdisciplinary methodologies.