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<p>Engineers frequently implement backward-facing step (BFS) geometries in their advanced systems like combustion chambers, diffusers, and heat exchangers due to their excellent mixing, heat transfer, and flow control properties. The abrupt increase in diameter caused by the step triggers flow detachment downstream, which leads to the development of intricate patterns of flow and swirling motions that have a significant impact on the performance of the system. The primary outcome of the present research is the development of an advanced simulation technique that uses a custom-written FORTRAN program to perform the finite volume method to solve the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations along with the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure–velocity coupling. To evaluate the impact of the mentioned key parameters systematically, solid volume loading ratios (0.005, 0.008, 0.01), particle diameters (50&#xa0;μm, 150&#xa0;μm, 300&#xa0;μm), and Reynolds numbers (15,800, 31,600, 47,400, 126,400) are used as the basis for analysis. The flow characteristics of streamlines, local skin friction, pressure distribution, velocity profiles, turbulent kinetic energy, and separation zone dynamics are systematically evaluated in respect to their influence. By using detailed Eulerian–Eulerian modeling, we demonstrate that in the case of particle-laden BFS flow, the increase in particle diameter and the Reynolds number move the flow control from particle-damping to fluid-inertia thus achieving the desired suppression of the turbulent kinetic energy and the reattachment length which is important for efficient reactor design.</p>

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Simulation approaches for particle-laden flow separation in industrial mixing systems using backward-facing steps

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Khaled M. Salem,
  • Ramzy M. Abumandour,
  • A. S. Dawood,
  • Adel M. Elreafay

摘要

Engineers frequently implement backward-facing step (BFS) geometries in their advanced systems like combustion chambers, diffusers, and heat exchangers due to their excellent mixing, heat transfer, and flow control properties. The abrupt increase in diameter caused by the step triggers flow detachment downstream, which leads to the development of intricate patterns of flow and swirling motions that have a significant impact on the performance of the system. The primary outcome of the present research is the development of an advanced simulation technique that uses a custom-written FORTRAN program to perform the finite volume method to solve the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations along with the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure–velocity coupling. To evaluate the impact of the mentioned key parameters systematically, solid volume loading ratios (0.005, 0.008, 0.01), particle diameters (50 μm, 150 μm, 300 μm), and Reynolds numbers (15,800, 31,600, 47,400, 126,400) are used as the basis for analysis. The flow characteristics of streamlines, local skin friction, pressure distribution, velocity profiles, turbulent kinetic energy, and separation zone dynamics are systematically evaluated in respect to their influence. By using detailed Eulerian–Eulerian modeling, we demonstrate that in the case of particle-laden BFS flow, the increase in particle diameter and the Reynolds number move the flow control from particle-damping to fluid-inertia thus achieving the desired suppression of the turbulent kinetic energy and the reattachment length which is important for efficient reactor design.